Mold: A Massively Parallel Linker
arxiv.orgshameless plug: lld 23.x is significantly faster than 22.x! I wrote about the optimizations in https://maskray.me/blog/2026-04-12-recent-lld-elf-performanc... As a side note, parallel input file parsing and symbol resolution aren't a silver bullet. I have an experimental branch (net ~800 lines of code) adding this to lld/ELF, but it actually loses performance when restricted to --threads={1,2}
I read how mold implements parallel input file parsing a while ago. It is overly complicated. wild's model seems superior.
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"Table 4." in the paper feels misleading to me. I have never measured such high speedups. In addition, on debug builds (especially --gdb-index builds), mold's edge over lld is smaller.
On ICF, some unknown fraction of mold's speedup is due to "doesn't do the symbol bootkeeping". The symbol tables are different in mold but identical in lld.
Here's a lwn.net link to Ian Lance Taylor's blog posts about his gold linker (his blog doesn't seem to have any table of contents or group the linker-related blog posts in one area/tag).
see https://lwn.net/Articles/276782/
GNU gold is deprecated and will probably be removed soon. ( https://www.phoronix.com/news/GNU-Gold-Linker-Deprecated )
But back in the late 2000s, the blog posts were a combination of algorithm optimization class and software history since no one seemed to step up to cleanup the technical debt that GNU ld had accumulated over the decades.
Old tweet from Rui, but I saw it in a recent zig video and really liked the sentiment:
(https://x.com/rui314/status/1560277403787997185)
> my strategy is to increase the value of commons by, say, 100 and get 1 as a return, so bear with me. If you want to use mold for free, you can just do that. This is my open-source business strategy.
Wishing the best for Mold and Rui
Given the passing of nitter, xcancel, etc., thank you for quoting the relevant text.
The nitter software still works and so do most of the servers except the most popular 2
> so do most of the servers except the most popular 2
Are you sure? All three servers I regularly use, as well as all of the mirrors that I found with a quick search, are down. If there are other servers still working then can you please give a hint about how I could find them?
xcancel.com and nittler.poast.org were the only remaining servers that worked reliably for me before the cease&desist.
This is a wonderful paper that includes many optimization tricks that are generally applicable, including various optimizations that they retrofitted into lld. But I thought there was one meta optimization that was especially interesting (from page 2):
> A new linker's early adopters knowingly accept such differences, which is one reason why drastic improvements tend to come from new linkers rather than existing ones
This is true of many things, not just linkers. I think this is encouraging for people to (re)try things that have already been done, because newcomers are allowed to take risks that established things can't take.
Mold's definitely innovating.
I use mold a lot for code embedding in my lisp. I needed extra null PHT entries in the ELF so I could easily patch in custom segments into the interpreter after the link was done.
GNU pretty much ignored the feature request and LLVM probably never even saw the issue, but Rui shipped the --spare-program-headers feature pretty much immediately after I requested it and it immediately restored my sanity.
https://www.matheusmoreira.com/articles/self-contained-lone-...
Current version of my patcher supports ld and lld, but it has to move the PHT to the end of the file in order to append the new segments. Mold is still the only way to avoid the ugly hole where the PHT used to be.
Wild is a decent bit faster than mold at this point:
https://github.com/wild-linker/wild
(Benchmarks in the README.)
I'm keen to follow along with Wild as their intent is to be incremental, and Zig recently announced incremental linking support. I'm also a fan as its cool to seen an Australian working full time on open source (I'm also Australian)
Edit to add: I think David's talk on Wild [0] is an interesting summary of what a linker is and why its hard to make incremental
Rui mentioned today that he managed to speed up mold "about 1.5 times" while writing this paper https://x.com/rui314/status/2092486965186969699?s=20
Seems that some optimizations went to mold 2.42 and others are not yet released. Wild benchmarked mold 2.40 or 2.41
I guess this sentence from the Wild readme is also relevant:
Mold is already very fast, however it doesn't do incremental linking and the author has stated that they don't intend to.To be clear, Wild also doesn't do incremental linking yet but plans to in the future
Excellent (pardon the pun!) link! :-)
We use mold as the default linker in the Stagex linux distribution. It shaved hours off our full tree build time.
Would use this at a fairly large company if we had windows and Mac support, probably could get budget to pay for the features it’s missing.
That sounds like you should get in contact with Rui Ueyama. If anybody asks, someone on HN said it seemed like a no-brainer.
Hm - are the linking requirements for PE and COFF similar enough for that to work?
No. I wrote my integrated linkers with rcc for pe/coff, elf and macho by myself, and macho was the worst to be dealt with. elf was pretty easy, easier than pe/coff.
Mine is also much faster than mold/wild, because I do much less work, and I have all the objects already in memory. Similar to tinycc. Only when someone needs a very unusual unsupported linker feature, I have to fallback to an external linker, which is ~100x slower. The less work it has to do, the faster. I dont appreciate the unix habit to use intermediate files all along, which needs additional readers and writers.