Bluesky April 2026 Outage Post-Mortem
pckt.blog> What I had missed is that we deployed a new internal service last week that sent less than three GetPostRecord requests per second, but it did sometimes send batches of 15-20 thousand URIs at a time. Typically, we'd probably be doing between 1-50 post lookups per request.
That’ll do it.
Ahh, the three relevant numbers in development: 0, 1, and infinity.
The incredible part about this is because their backend is all TCP/IP they were literally exhausting the ports by leaving all 65k of them in TIME_WAIT, and the workaround was to start randomizing the localhost address to give them another trillion ports or so.
This is a pretty interesting solution. I could see how this could useful for certain kinds of problems (as part of a ddos attack mitigation for example).
An oldie and a goodie
I mean, it's one GetPostRecord, Michael. What could it cost? 1 trillion ports?
Zero, one, many, many thousands.
And then they fix the issue by using multiple localhost IPs rather than, perhaps, not sending 15-20 thousand URIs at a time
They mentioned it was a temporary fix that they removed after finding and fixing the true root cause, though.
less than ideal if I had to be frank.
Distributed social media goes down? hrmmm.
Email and the internet don't have "downtime." Certain key infra providers do of course. ISPs can go down. DNS providers can go down. But the internet and email itself can't go down absent a global electricity outage.
You haven't built a decentralized network until you reach that standard imo. Otherwise its just "distributed protocol" cosplay. Nice costume. Kind of like how everybody has been amnesia'd into thinking Obsidian is open source when it really isn't.
Bluesky is a provider. Blacksky didn’t go down.
Is there anything running on Blacksky other than Bluesky with more than say, 100 active users?
AOL never even got to that level of dominance in the internet 1.0 era.
The point is it's not a distributed network if one node is 99.9% of all traffic.
I don't really understand this architecture, but I thought Bluesky was distributed like Mastodon? How can it have an outage?
This writeup is useful for backend engineers: https://atproto.com/articles/atproto-for-distsys-engineers
The simple answer is that atproto works like the web & search engines, where the apps aggregate from the distributed accounts. So the proper analogy here would be like yahoo going down in 1999.
This is a fantastic write-up, thanks for sharing!
Sorry, but this analogy is very misleading, no one browses websites through Google's servers.
For example, right now in my URL bar I read "news.ycombinator.com", not "google.com/profile/news.ycombinator.com".
If Google goes down now I can keep browsing this website and all the other websites I have in all my other tabs as if nothing had happened.
Does Google Reader help you make sense of it? It’s more like each app is like its own Google Reader. And indeed you were able to access the same posts via other apps at that time of outage.
Technically you can still view the posts directly from the PDS. It’s just uninteresting compared to web pages
> no one browses websites through Google's servers.
Didn't Google's AMP project do exactly that?
Do you have ideas about how Bluesky could decentralize?
Not the original poster but I do have some ideas. Official Bluesky clients could randomly/round-robin access 3-4 different appview servers run by different organizations instead of one centralized server. Likewise there could be 3-4 relays instead of one. Upgrades could roll across the servers so they don't all get hit by bugs immediately.
If multiple personal data servers (pdses) share the same set of posts how would we guarantee that they are tamper resistant to third parties?
PDSes should be sharded not replicated. Your posts live on your PDS which lives in one place (although it can move).
What's stopping us from doing both?
Cost and complexity tradeoffs. IMO the relay/appview is the current bottleneck.
This is why I'm hoping fiatjaf has a recommendation here. I have a feeling he might have a proposal that solves this. But doesn't solve all of it, just some of it.
Google and MSN Search were already available at this time. Also websites used to publish webrings and there was IRC and forums to ask people about things.
It’s more of a concept of a plan for being distributed. I even went through the trouble of hosting my own PDC and still, I was unable to use the service during the outage
It's not really distributed. It's a centralised service that pulls some parts of 0.01% of user profiles from their own servers.
Mastodon infra can have outages, too.
It's just confined to one instance if it goes down, not all of Mastodon.
"decentralized"
A web interface and home server can have an outage. Bluesky is just a web interface and home server.
At least they aren't hiding and transparent about it unlike the big tech corps with so called SLAs
There are no outages in Azure sing se.
GitHub's Ops team would approve this message, I assume.
i see you, brother! <3
Tell us more about this buggy "new internal service" that's scraping batch data :P
Good to know the discussion about decentralization and federation had finally ended
> The timing of these log spikes lined up with drops in user-facing traffic, which makes sense. Our data plane heavily uses memcached to keep load off our main Scylla database, and if we're exhausting ports, that's a huge problem.
I expect this is common.
nostr never goes down
If nostr went down would people even notice?
The good thing about nostr is that, contrary to popular federated protocols, your identity is not tied to any single server, you own the keypair to your account, so you can continue using it just fine even if some relays experience a downtime.
until one day when a quantum computer comes along, then goodbye your control of your nostr identity in both the future and the past!
If any major nostr relay goes down, no one notices. That has happened many times, the network is very resilient to that.
probably not
All support to other decentralizers but nothing never goes down.
The comparison here is to something like TCP/IP. TCP/IP never goes down. TCP/IP is a protocol, the servers may go down and cause disruption, but the protocol doesn't really have the ability to "go down". Nostr is also a protocol. The communication on top of Nostr is pretty resilient compared to other solutions though, so that's the main highlight here.
If tens of servers go down, then some people may start noticing a bit of inconvenience. If hundreds of servers go down, then some people may need to coordinate out of bound on what relays to use, but it still generally speaking works ok.
That's because TCP/IP is a protocol, not a (centralized or decentralized) server. A protocol cannot go down. It can trigger failures, it can be abused, but it cannot go down.
It's like saying "English never burns". Sure, you can't burn English but you can burn specific books, newspapers and so on.
That's... literally the point I just made in my reply?
Right but that's kind of meaningless, saying the nostr protocol never goes down, because the AT Protocol didn't go down in this bluesky case either. Protocols don't "go down". Stuff making use of protocols does.
1000x redundancy makes it vanishingly unlikely. Although I know we're due for a pole shift so all bets are off I suppose.
Wasn't aware there are ~2k relays now. Have inter-relay sharing situation improved?
When I tried it long time ago, the idea was just a transposed Mastodon model that the client would just multi-post to dozen different servers(relays) automatically to be hopeful that the post would be available in at least one shared relays between the user and their followers. That didn't seem to scale well.
Getting clients to do the right thing is like herding cats, but there has been some progress. Early 2023 Mike Dilger came up with the "gossip model" (renamed "outbox model" for obvious reasons). Here's my write-up: https://habla.news/hodlbod/8YjqXm4SKY-TauwjOfLXS
The basic idea is that for microblogging use cases users advertise which relays their content is stored on, which clients follow (this implies that there are less-decentralized indexes that hold these pointers, but it does help distribute content to aligned relays instead of blast content everywhere).
Also, relays aside, one key difference vs ActivityPub is that no third party owns your identity, which means you can move from one relay to another freely, which is not true on Mastodon.
Thanks! Not to be critical - more like thinking out loud - and don't have solutions to following myself - but that sounds like it could 1) affect negatively to power concentrating into the top popular relays -> potentially leading to same kind of speech issues as semi-centralized ActivityPub, and 2) it won't solve need to maintain multiple firehose connections.
I've been wondering if the multi-firehose architecture is really where decentralized censorship resistant microblogging should be the way forward; I remember the Windows Mobile clients for 2ch.net(today 5ch.io) that would scrape thread deltas from bunch of subdomains under it was plenty fast on 128k(advertised) connection to get thousands of posts in late 2000s, and so I think an RSS style of systems getting delta updates from multiple domains could work without having to do the insanity of early Nostr, or massive liabilities for instance operators with Mastodon, especially if those multiple domains could be set up with relative ease.
Yeah, I don't exactly understand why you have to sign up every time to Mastodon servers and server operators to have to be responsible about users. It worked when it was urgently needed, which was brilliant, but the ID system had under baked spots.
Yeah, any time you need either an index or a caching layer you have to re-centralize one way or another. But decoupling those "services" from the data storage itself helps, and credible exit makes the gatekeepers far less powerful. An example: a few weeks ago nostr.band, one of nostr's main indexers/search services went away. Search is still somewhat impacted (evidence that we were centralized around it), but indexing (i.e. finding users' relay lists) is still covered by several other services.
A difference with Mastodon is your account is independent of any relay.
> scale well
It is up and it is growing.
Bitcoin, BitTorrent never go down.
There's stark contrast for an average human visiting the landing page of bsky.app vs nostr.org
That's what decentralization looks like. You might also try:
nostr.com nostr.how nostr.net nostrich.love nostrhub.io usenostr.org And of course https://github.com/nostr-protocol/nostr
Did all 3 users notice?
Naw, only one did. Turns out the other two were his socket accounts he used to upvote and comment on his own content.
Okay, nuff trolling for today
With my SRE hat on, dare I ask... could/should this have been picked up in testing?
And then normally there's a nice discussion about how production is very different to the test environment.
Thank you for the post mortem on this outage.
Great write up... curious about the RCA. Thanks!
Golang's use of a potentially unbounded number of threads is just insane. I used to be fairly bullish on golang, but this, combined with the fact that its garbage collected, makes me feel its just unsuitable for production use.
You can have this problem with any kind of thread -- including OS threads -- if you do an unbounded spawn loop. Go is hardly unique in this.
Goroutines are actually better AFAIK because they distribute work on a thread pool that can be much smaller than the number of active goroutines.
If my quick skim created a correct understanding, then the problem here looks more like architecture. Put simply: does the memcached client really require a new TCP connection for every lookup? I would think you would pool those connections just like you would a typical database and keep them around for approximately forever. Then they wouldn't have spammed memcache with so many connections in the first place...
(edit: ah, it looks like they do use a pool, but perhaps the pool does not have a bounded upper size, which is its own kind of fail.)
Rust's async doesn't have this issue. Or at least, it's the same issue as malloc in an unbounded loop, but that's a more general issue not related to async or threading.
15-20 thousand futures would be trivial. 15-20 thousand goroutines, definitely not.
I don't know enough about rust to confirm or deny that -- but unless rust somehow puts a limit on in-flight async operations, I don't see how it would help.
The problem is not resource usage in go. The problem is that they created umpteen thousand TCP connections, which is going to kill things regardless of the language.
case in point, an old HN post about scaling Go to 1M websocket connections
Go can scale but only if you sidestep goroutines and use something like https://github.com/lesismal/nbio (which is awesome, highly endorse)
Why does garbage collection make it unsuitable for production use? A lot of production software is written in garbage collected languages like Java. Pretty much the entire backend for iTunes/Apple Music is written in Java, and it's not doing any kind of fancy bump allocator tricks to avoid garbage. In my mind, kind of hard to argue that Apple Music is not "production use".
There are certainly plenty of projects where garbage collection is too slow, but I don't know that they're the majority, and more people would likely prefer memory safety by default.
Based on my experience of Apple Music being pretty bad at streaming music, i would say that it's not ready for 'production use'.
Ok, judging by this job posting [1] it looks like Spotify uses Java as well.
[1] https://www.lifeatspotify.com/jobs/senior-backend-engineer-a...
Everything is understood by comparison. Unsuitable for production use, compared to what is the more apt question.
> They represent real user-facing downtime
Off-topic, but "real" feels like the new "delve". Is there such a thing as "fake" or "virtual" downtime, or why do people feel the need to specify that all manner of things are "real" nowadays?
Lite Blue on a dark Blue background. That is a new one, I have seen grey text on lite grey, but blue on blue ?
The article does work in lynx, at least I can read it.