Mapped: The Compute, Cash, and Contracts that Power OpenAI
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- OpenAI’s infrastructure relies on a complex web of GPU supply, corporate partnerships, and vast amounts of capital.
- A “closed loop” of financial deals between AI companies and chipmakers has triggered warnings of a potential bubble.
In order to train and deploy cutting-edge AI models like ChatGPT, OpenAI relies on a sprawling infrastructure network involving multiple billion-dollar entities, intricate contracts, and vast capital commitments. A new visualization from Made Visual Daily maps this infrastructure pipeline using three flows—compute, cash, and contracts—highlighting the increasingly circular nature of AI development funding.
The map synthesizes data from public financial reports, media disclosures, and filings in an attempt to show who builds what, who pays whom, and where potential risk may be accumulating in the system.
The biggest nodes in the diagram are familiar names: Nvidia ($4.6 trillion), Microsoft ($3.8 trillion), TSMC ($1.5 trillion), and Oracle ($0.8 trillion). OpenAI itself, valued at around $500B in its most recent secondary sale, anchors the middle of the chart. Microsoft, in particular, plays a dual role—both providing compute (via Azure) and injecting capital and GPU credits back into OpenAI.
The GPU Supply Chain: Scarcity, Dominance, and Dependency
The engine behind OpenAI—and much of today’s generative AI—is the Nvidia GPU.
But these chips don’t come out of thin air. The GPU supply chain is global and fragile:
- Design: Nvidia designs the chips in-house.
- Fabrication: TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company) fabricates the chips at its advanced 5nm and 4nm nodes.
- Assembly: The chips are then packaged and tested by firms like Quanta and Foxconn.
- Deployment: Server makers such as Supermicro integrate them into AI-optimized racks and clusters.
- Delivery: These clusters are shipped to cloud providers like Microsoft Azure and CoreWeave.
Any disruption along this chain—whether geopolitical, economic, or logistical—can send shockwaves through the entire AI sector. That’s why the U.S. has placed tight export controls on AI chips, and why countries like China are scrambling to develop domestic alternatives.
Demand for H100s has grown so intense that cloud firms and startups alike are reserving capacity months or even years in advance. In rare cases, some even use GPUs as collateral to secure financing, reinforcing their role as a new strategic commodity.
Closed-Loop Capital and the AI Bubble Risk
What makes the modern AI ecosystem remarkable isn’t just the number of players involved—it’s how deeply interwoven their financial and operational relationships have become.
Microsoft, for instance, has invested over $13 billion in OpenAI, while also serving as its primary cloud and compute partner through Azure. Much of OpenAI’s model training runs on clusters powered by Nvidia GPUs, procured via Microsoft’s cloud infrastructure.
At the same time, Microsoft is the primary customer of CoreWeave, a rapidly growing cloud provider that also buys large volumes of Nvidia hardware—often financed through credit arrangements with private investors and funds.
This creates an interdependent web of capital, compute, and contracts, where the same dollars and chips circulate between a handful of firms dominating AI’s supply chain. Analysts have noted that such tight coupling could magnify shocks if demand or funding conditions change abruptly.
Learn More on the Voronoi App 
To dig deeper into the relationship between OpenAI and its backers, explore our related post: OpenAI vs Big Tech.

This article was published as a part of Visual Capitalist's Creator Program, which features data-driven visuals from some of our favorite Creators around the world.
Technology
Ranked: The Most and Least Expensive Internet in the World
Internet costs range from just $3 a month in some countries to $374 in others. Here’s how geography shapes what people pay to get online.
Published
3 days ago
on
June 18, 2026
Ranked: The Most and Least Expensive Internet in the World
See visuals like this from many other data creators on our Voronoi app. Download it for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.
Key Takeaways
- Internet prices vary dramatically worldwide, ranging from $2.61 per month in Iran to nearly $374 in Wallis and Futuna.
- Island nations and territories account for 18 of the world’s 25 most expensive broadband markets.
- Some of the world’s cheapest broadband markets, including Romania and Vietnam, also rank among the fastest for internet speeds.
The cost of getting online varies far more than many people realize. In some countries, a fixed broadband subscription costs just a few dollars per month, while in others it can exceed $300.
Using data from Broadband Genie, this graphic compares the world’s most and least expensive broadband markets based on average monthly subscription prices in U.S. dollars.
The results reveal a gap of more than 140-fold between the cheapest and most expensive markets. Geography is a major factor, with remote islands heavily represented among the world’s costliest places to access the internet.
The World’s Most Expensive Internet Markets
Wallis and Futuna leads the ranking by a wide margin, followed by Turkmenistan and Turks and Caicos. More broadly, geographic isolation stands out as a key pattern, with 18 of the world’s 25 most expensive broadband markets being island nations or territories.
Many of the world’s most expensive broadband markets have small populations and limited competition. In remote island territories, infrastructure costs must be spread across relatively few subscribers, helping explain why internet bills can be significantly higher.
| Rank | Country | Average Monthly Cost of Fixed Broadband 2026 (USD) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 🇼🇫 Wallis and Futuna | $373.88 |
| 2 | 🇹🇲 Turkmenistan | $286.24 |
| 3 | 🇹🇨 Turks and Caicos | $252.00 |
| 4 | 🇧🇱 Saint Barthélemy | $207.26 |
| 5 | 🇸🇿 Eswatini | $193.31 |
| 6 | 🇸🇾 Syria | $189.92 |
| 7 | 🇧🇮 Burundi | $186.46 |
| 8 | 🇰🇲 Comoros | $175.12 |
| 9 | 🇰🇾 Cayman Islands | $167.39 |
| 10 | 🇻🇬 British Virgin Islands | $155.00 |
| 11 | 🇧🇲 Bermuda | $150.00 |
| 12 | 🇨🇬 Congo | $136.54 |
| 13 | 🇸🇨 Seychelles | $134.30 |
| 14 | 🇹🇱 Timor-Leste | $124.50 |
| 15 | 🇨🇼 Curaçao | $121.96 |
| 16 | 🇻🇺 Vanuatu | $117.38 |
| 17 | 🇬🇺 Guam | $115.00 |
| 18 | 🇫🇰 Falkland Islands | $112.73 |
| 19 | 🇬🇱 Greenland | $111.45 |
| 20 | 🇻🇮 U.S. Virgin Islands | $110.00 |
| 21 | 🇦🇮 Anguilla | $108.29 |
| 22 | 🇲🇿 Mozambique | $108.22 |
| 23 | 🇦🇪 UAE | $105.92 |
| 24 | 🇮🇸 Iceland | $105.08 |
| 25 | 🇲🇵 Northern Mariana Islands | $104.99 |
| 167 | 🇺🇸 U.S. | $80.00 |
Broadband prices vary widely even as internet access becomes increasingly common worldwide. The share of the global population online has risen from 43% in 2015 to 68% in 2025, making affordability an increasingly important part of digital access.
In the U.S., rising competition has helped drive broadband prices lower. Since 2014, the price of popular broadband plans has fallen by roughly two-thirds, while internet speeds have doubled.
Where Internet Access Is Cheapest
At the other end of the ranking, several countries offer broadband for only a few dollars per month when converted into U.S. dollars.
Iran ranks as the least expensive market, driven by a collapsing rial and government subsidies. Ukraine, Ethiopia, and Bangladesh follow. Ukraine had roughly 1,500 internet service providers before the war, with some apartment buildings having more than a dozen providers competing for customers.
| Rank | Country | Average Monthly Cost of Fixed Broadband 2026 (USD) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 🇮🇷 Iran | $2.61 |
| 2 | 🇺🇦 Ukraine | $5.35 |
| 3 | 🇪🇹 Ethiopia | $6.46 |
| 4 | 🇧🇩 Bangladesh | $7.38 |
| 5 | 🇲🇳 Mongolia | $7.41 |
| 6 | 🇪🇬 Egypt | $7.91 |
| 7 | 🇷🇴 Romania | $8.19 |
| 8 | 🇮🇳 India | $8.82 |
| 9 | 🇳🇵 Nepal | $9.22 |
| 10 | 🇷🇺 Russia | $9.71 |
| 11 | 🇻🇳 Vietnam | $10.24 |
| 12 | 🇮🇩 Indonesia | $10.66 |
| 13 | 🇺🇿 Uzbekistan | $12.03 |
| 14 | 🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan | $13.95 |
| 15 | 🇱🇧 Lebanon | $14.23 |
| 16 | 🇨🇳 China | $14.30 |
| 17 | 🇱🇾 Libya | $14.68 |
| 18 | 🇬🇪 Georgia | $14.87 |
| 19 | 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan | $15.23 |
| 20 | 🇲🇩 Moldova | $15.66 |
| 21 | 🇧🇾 Belarus | $15.66 |
| 22 | 🇵🇰 Pakistan | $15.96 |
| 23 | 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea | $17.30 |
| 24 | 🇱🇹 Lithuania | $17.75 |
| 25 | 🇹🇷 Türkiye | $17.76 |
Cheap internet does not necessarily mean lower-quality service. Romania and Vietnam rank among the world’s least expensive broadband markets while also placing among the global leaders in fixed broadband speeds.
This suggests that market competition and network investment can sometimes deliver both affordability and performance.
The contrast is striking: broadband in Wallis and Futuna costs roughly 143 times more than the average subscription in Iran, the world’s cheapest market.
The Geography of Digital Infrastructure
The internet is often described as borderless, but the rankings tell a different story.
Submarine cables carry roughly 99% of global internet traffic, creating the physical backbone of the online world. Countries located farther from major network routes often face higher infrastructure costs, which can ultimately be reflected in consumer prices.
As digital services become increasingly central to work, education, entertainment, and communication, broadband affordability is emerging as an important part of economic accessibility.
Learn More on the Voronoi App 
To learn more about this topic, check out this graphic on the cost of living around the world in 2026.
Business
Ranked: SpaceX vs. The Largest Public Space Companies
Fresh off the largest IPO in history, SpaceX is worth $2.46 trillion, which is about 10 times every other public space company combined.
Published
5 days ago
on
June 16, 2026
Ranked: SpaceX vs. The Largest Public Space Companies
See visuals like this from many other data creators on our Voronoi app. Download it for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.
Key Takeaways
- SpaceX’s $2.46 trillion market cap is larger than the combined value of the next 20 biggest public space companies, which together are worth about $235 billion.
- Rocket Lab ranks a distant second at $68.6 billion, while no other pure-play space company is worth more than $35 billion.
- SpaceX’s post-IPO surge has turned a once-private industry leader into one of the world’s most valuable companies.
The space industry has never seen a company this dominant.
Following its Nasdaq debut, SpaceX reached a market capitalization of $2.46 trillion. That makes it worth roughly 10.5 times more than the next 20 largest publicly traded pure-play space companies combined.
This graphic compares SpaceX against every public space company worth at least $1 billion, illustrating just how much the industry’s center of gravity has shifted toward a single firm.
The data comes from CompaniesMarketCap and reflects market capitalizations as of June 15, 2026. Diversified aerospace and defense companies such as Boeing and Lockheed Martin are excluded.
SpaceX Dwarfs the Entire Public Space Industry
The gap between SpaceX and the rest of the industry is difficult to overstate.
At $2.46 trillion, SpaceX is worth more than the next 20 largest public pure-play space companies combined by roughly $2.2 trillion. Put differently, investors value SpaceX at more than 10 times the rest of the listed space sector.
The data table below shows the largest public pure-play companies in the space industry with a market capitalization over $1 billion:
| Rank | Company | Market Capitalization (USD Billions) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | SpaceX | $2,460.0 |
| 2 | Rocket Lab | $68.6 |
| 3 | AST SpaceMobile | $34.1 |
| 4 | EchoStar | $33.1 |
| 5 | China Satellite Communications | $20.5 |
| 6 | Planet Labs | $10.9 |
| 7 | Globalstar | $10.6 |
| 8 | Viasat | $9.6 |
| 9 | SKY Perfect JSAT | $5.7 |
| 10 | Firefly Aerospace | $5.5 |
| 11 | MDA Space | $5.3 |
| 12 | Iridium Communications | $4.8 |
| 13 | Intuitive Machines | $4.1 |
| 14 | York Space Systems | $4.0 |
| 15 | SES | $3.8 |
| 16 | Eutelsat | $3.7 |
| 17 | Redwire | $3.0 |
| 18 | Telesat | $2.5 |
| 19 | Voyager Technologies | $2.4 |
| 20 | Astroscale | $1.3 |
| 21 | BlackSky Technology | $1.2 |
Outside of SpaceX, the industry’s scale drops dramatically. Rocket Lab is the second-largest pure-play space company at $68.6 billion, meaning SpaceX is worth nearly 36 Rocket Labs. AST SpaceMobile and EchoStar follow at roughly $34 billion each, highlighting how concentrated investor value has become in a single company.
The roster spans the full space economy: satellite communications, rocket launch, Earth observation, and lunar and in-orbit services.
It is also overwhelmingly American, with U.S. firms claiming most of the top 20 and the rest split among China, Japan, Canada, and Europe.
The Largest IPO in History and a New Trillionaire
SpaceX’s dominance reflects what no rival can match: a reusable rocket fleet that flies more orbital missions than any other operator, paired with Starlink, the largest satellite-internet constellation in operation. The result is a single company that towers over a sector otherwise filled with specialized, single-digit-billion-dollar players.
SpaceX’s debut wasn’t just big for the space sector: it was the largest IPO ever recorded. The company priced its shares at $135 on June 12, raising roughly $75 billion and eclipsing Saudi Aramco’s $25.6 billion record from 2019. That initial price valued SpaceX at about $1.77 trillion; three days later, the stock was trading near $178, lifting its market cap to $2.46 trillion.
The listing also crystallized a milestone of its own. By revaluing Elon Musk’s roughly 42% SpaceX stake on the open market, it pushed his net worth past $1 trillion and made him the world’s first trillionaire.
SpaceX’s Valuation Bakes In Big Expectations
SpaceX’s price tag assumes enormous future growth. At $2.46 trillion, the company trades at roughly 130 times its 2025 revenue of $18.7 billion, a year in which it posted a $4.9 billion net loss.
The engine behind that optimism is Starlink. The satellite-internet business generated 61% of SpaceX’s 2025 revenue and earned a $4.4 billion operating profit, even as the company overall ran a $2.6 billion operating loss.
For now, investors are betting that Starlink’s growth and SpaceX’s launch dominance will eventually justify a valuation larger than most of the world’s biggest companies.
Learn More on the Voronoi App 
To learn more about SpaceX, check out this visualization on its growing number of rocket launches on Voronoi.