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19 0 R /T14 20 0 R /T15 21 0 R /T16 4 0 R /T17 5 0 R /T18 6 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 11 0 R >> >> endobj 23 0 obj << /Length 22228 >> stream BT /T17 1 Tf 0.12 0 0 -0.12 72 723.9 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc (tac)Tj 109 0 TD 0 Tw (k)Tj 42.0001 0 TD [(er)-21000(guess)-21000(an)]TJ 388.9999 0 TD [(y)-21000(predicate)-22000(more)-21000(accurately)-21000(than)-22000(she)]TJ -540 100 TD [(could)-27000(ha)]TJ 307.0001 0 TD (v)Tj 41.9999 0 TD [(e)-27000(without)-28000(the)-28000(function's)-28000(output.)]TJ -349 199 TD [(More)-29000(formally)]TJ 511 0 TD [(,)-29000(let)]TJ /T15 1 Tf 173 0 TD (F)Tj /T17 1 Tf 65 0 TD (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 32.0001 0 TD [(s;)-14000(t)]TJ /T17 1 Tf 106 0 TD [(\))-30000(b)-2000(e)-30000(a)-29000(function.)]TJ 610.9998 0 TD [(The)-30000(argu-)]TJ -1497.9999 100 TD (men)Tj 149.9999 0 TD (t)Tj /T15 1 Tf 69.0001 0 TD (s)Tj /T17 1 Tf 75 0 TD (represen)Tj 300.0001 0 TD (ts)Tj 100 0 TD (a)Tj 78 0 TD (user's)Tj 240.9999 0 TD (secret)Tj 244 0 TD (passw)Tj 212.0001 0 TD (ord,)Tj 181 0 TD (whic)Tj 163.9998 0 TD (h)Tj -1813.9999 99 TD (will)Tj 171 0 TD 2 Tc (be)Tj 128 0 TD 0 Tc (dra)Tj 119 0 TD (wn)Tj 147 0 TD (from)Tj 211 0 TD (a)Tj 84 0 TD (probabilit)Tj 354 0 TD (y)Tj 85.0001 0 TD (distribution)Tj /T15 1 Tf 466.9998 0 TD (D)Tj /T17 1 Tf 71.0002 0 TD (.)Tj -1837.0001 100 TD [(The)-19000(argumen)]TJ 475.0001 0 TD (t)Tj /T15 1 Tf 50.9999 0 TD (t)Tj /T17 1 Tf 49.0001 0 TD (represen)Tj 300 0 TD [(ts)-18000(an)]TJ 168.9999 0 TD [(y)-19000(additional)-18000(non-secret)]TJ -1044 99 TD (inputs)Tj /T15 1 Tf 257.0001 0 TD (F)Tj /T17 1 Tf 95.9999 0 TD (migh)Tj 178.0001 0 TD [(t)-30000(tak)]TJ 178 0 TD (e.)Tj 105 0 TD [(Let)-31000(the)-31000(v)]TJ 337 0 TD [(alues)-30000(of)]TJ /T15 1 Tf 309.0001 0 TD (t)Tj /T17 1 Tf 59.9998 0 TD [(b)-2000(e)-31000(dra)]TJ 235.0002 0 TD (wn)Tj -1755.0001 100 TD [(from)-26000(a)-26000(probabilit)]TJ 617 0 TD [(y)-25000(distribution)]TJ /T15 1 Tf 521 0 TD (T)Tj /T17 1 Tf 61.0001 0 TD (.)Tj 57.9999 0 TD (W)Tj 78 0 TD 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0 Tc (c)Tj /T15 1 Tf 34 -12 TD 14 Tc (;F)Tj /T17 1 Tf 102.0001 0 TD 0 Tc (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 32 0 TD [(s;)-14000(t)]TJ /T14 1 Tf 106 12 TD (c)Tj /T17 1 Tf 32.9998 -12 TD (\)\);)Tj /T15 1 Tf -1171.9999 125 TD (b)Tj /T17 1 Tf 59 0 TD (=)Tj /T15 1 Tf 88 0 TD (P)Tj /T17 1 Tf 65 0 TD (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 32 0 TD (s)Tj /T17 1 Tf 39.0001 0 TD (\))Tj /T10 1 Tf 31.9999 -68.0002 TD (\003)Tj /T11 1 Tf -521.9999 200 TD (\000)Tj /T17 1 Tf 82.9999 0 TD (Pr)Tj /T10 1 Tf 89 -67 TD (\002)Tj /T15 1 Tf 34.0001 67 TD (t)Tj /T12 1 Tf 29.9999 12 TD (1)Tj /T11 1 Tf 61 -12 TD ( )Tj /T15 1 Tf 106 0 TD 14 Tc [(T)7000(;)-18000(:::)-13000(;)]TJ 291 0 TD 0 Tc (t)Tj /T14 1 Tf 30 12 TD (c)Tj /T11 1 Tf 56 -12 TD ( )Tj /T15 1 Tf 106 0 TD 7 Tc [(T;)-25000(s)]TJ /T11 1 Tf 173 0 TD 0 Tc ( )Tj /T15 1 Tf 106.0001 0 TD 2 Tc (D;)Tj -958.0001 125 TD 0 Tc (b)Tj /T11 1 Tf 59 0 TD ( )Tj /T15 1 Tf 106 0 TD (A)Tj /T17 1 Tf 62 0 TD (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 32 0 TD (t)Tj /T12 1 Tf 30.0001 12 TD (1)Tj /T15 1 Tf 37.9999 -12 TD 14 Tc (;F)Tj /T17 1 Tf 102 0 TD 0 Tc (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 31.9999 0 TD [(s;)-14000(t)]TJ /T12 1 Tf 106.0001 12 TD (1)Tj /T17 1 Tf 37 -12 TD (\))Tj /T15 1 Tf 31.9999 0 TD 14 Tc [(;:::)-14000(;t)]TJ /T14 1 Tf 229.0001 12 TD 0 Tc (c)Tj /T15 1 Tf 34 -12 TD 14 Tc (;F)Tj /T17 1 Tf 102.0001 0 TD 0 Tc (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 32 0 TD [(s;)-14000(t)]TJ /T14 1 Tf 106 12 TD (c)Tj /T17 1 Tf 32.9998 -12 TD (\)\))Tj /T15 1 Tf 64 0 TD (;)Tj -1235.9999 125 TD (s)Tj /T13 1 Tf 39 -34.9998 TD (0)Tj /T11 1 Tf 47.0001 34.9998 TD ( )Tj /T15 1 Tf 105.9999 0 TD (D)Tj /T17 1 Tf 71 0 TD (;)Tj /T15 1 Tf 55 0 TD (b)Tj /T17 1 Tf 59 0 TD (=)Tj /T15 1 Tf 87.0001 0 TD (P)Tj /T17 1 Tf 64.9999 0 TD (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 31.9999 0 TD (s)Tj /T13 1 Tf 39.0001 -34.9998 TD (0)Tj /T17 1 Tf 24 34.9998 TD (\))Tj /T10 1 Tf 32 -68 TD (\003)Tj 35 -2.9998 TD (\014)Tj 0 50 TD (\014)Tj /T15 1 Tf -940 175 TD (<)Tj 102.0001 -56 TD (\017)Tj ET q 5.04 0 0 -0.48 118.908 264.768 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT /T17 1 Tf 0.12 0 0 -0.12 118.92 255.18 Tm (2)Tj /T11 1 Tf 69.9999 -57 TD 18 Tc (\001j)Tj /T15 1 Tf 64.0001 0 TD 0 Tc (A)Tj /T11 1 Tf 61.9999 0 TD 19 Tc (j\001)Tj /T15 1 Tf 84 0 TD 0 Tc (R)Tj /T17 1 Tf 64 0 TD (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 32 0 TD (D)Tj /T17 1 Tf 71 0 TD (\))Tj -777.9999 238.9999 TD (2.)Tj 106 0 TD [(Finding)-32000(second)-32000(preimages)-30000(is)-32000(as)-32000(hard)-31000(as)-31000(guess-)]TJ 0 99 TD [(ing)-25000(passw)]TJ 347.9999 0 TD (ords.)Tj 210 0 TD [(\(A)-26000(second)-24000(preimage)-24000(of)-25000(an)-24000(input)]TJ -557.9999 100 TD (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 32 0 TD [(s;)-14000(t)]TJ /T17 1 Tf 106 0 TD (\))Tj 68 0 TD (is)Tj 91.0001 0 TD (a)Tj 76.9999 0 TD (di\013eren)Tj 268 0 TD (t)Tj 68 0 TD (passw)Tj 212 0 TD (ord)Tj /T15 1 Tf 154 0 TD (s)Tj /T13 1 Tf 39 -30 TD (0)Tj /T11 1 Tf 59 30 TD (6)Tj /T17 1 Tf 0 0 TD (=)Tj /T15 1 Tf 101 0 TD (s)Tj /T17 1 Tf 74.0001 0 TD (for)Tj 135 0 TD (whic)Tj 163.9998 0 TD (h)Tj /T15 1 Tf -1647.9998 100 TD (F)Tj /T17 1 Tf 64.9999 0 TD (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 32.0001 0 TD [(s;)-14000(t)]TJ /T17 1 Tf 106 0 TD 23 Tc (\)=)Tj /T15 1 Tf 142.9999 0 TD 0 Tc (F)Tj /T17 1 Tf 65 0 TD (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 32 0 TD (s)Tj /T13 1 Tf 39 -29.9999 TD (0)Tj /T15 1 Tf 23 29.9999 TD 14 Tc (;t)Tj /T17 1 Tf 67 0 TD 0 Tc (\).\))Tj 125 0 TD [(Here)-26000(w)]TJ 253 0 TD [(e)-26000(m)0(o)-2000(del)-27000(the)-27000(attac)]TJ 634.0001 0 TD (k)Tj 42 0 TD (er)Tj /T15 1 Tf -1626 99 TD (A)Tj /T17 1 Tf 85 0 TD [(as)-23000(a)-22000(randomized)-22000(circuit)-23000(with)-24000(m)]TJ 1111 0 TD [(ultiple)-24000(output)]TJ ET q 89.28 0 0 -0.48 71.988 177.648 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT /T9 1 Tf 0.12 0 0 -0.12 83.04 170.82 Tm (1)Tj /T8 1 Tf 34.9999 24 TD [(Bo)-2000(olean)-28000(circuits)-26000(are)-27000(a)-28000(complexit)]TJ 1007 0 TD [(y)-27000(theoretic)-28000(abstraction.)]TJ -1134 79 TD [(A)-31000(b)-2000(o)-2000(olean)-32000(circuit)-31000(is)-31000(an)-31000(acyclic)-32000(collection)-32000(of)-31000(in)]TJ 1468.0001 0 TD (terconnected)Tj -1468.0001 78 TD (gates.)Tj 224.9999 0 TD (Eac)Tj 112.0001 0 TD [(h)-29000(gate)-31000(computes)-29000(a)-30000(b)-2000(o)-2000(olean)-30000(function)-30000(of)-28000(0,)-31000(1)-29000(o)0(r)-29000(2)]TJ -337 79 TD [(single-bit)-25000(inputs.)]TJ 557 0 TD [(A)-25000(randomized)-25000(b)-2000(o)-2000(olean)-27000(circuit)-25000(tak)]TJ 1043.0001 0 TD [(es)-27000(a)-25000(cer-)]TJ -1600.0001 79 TD [(tain)-27000(n)]TJ 185.0001 0 TD (um)Tj 97 0 TD [(b)-2000(e)0(r)-26000(o)0(f)-27000(random)-26000(input)-27000(bits)-27000(in)-27000(addition)-27000(to)-28000(its)-26000(regular)]TJ -282.0001 79.0001 TD (inputs.)Tj /T17 1 Tf 2176 -5027 TD (bits:)Tj /T11 1 Tf 209.0002 182.9995 TD (8)Tj /T15 1 Tf 46.9998 0 TD 2 Tc (D;)Tj /T11 1 Tf 126.0002 0 TD 0 Tc (8)Tj /T15 1 Tf 47 0 TD (A;)Tj /T17 1 Tf -137 124 TD (Pr)Tj /T10 1 Tf 88.9998 -66.9995 TD (\002)Tj /T15 1 Tf 35.0002 66.9995 TD (t)Tj /T11 1 Tf 52.9998 0 TD ( )Tj /T15 1 Tf 106 0 TD 7 Tc [(T;)-25000(s)]TJ /T11 1 Tf 173.0002 0 TD 0 Tc ( )Tj /T15 1 Tf 106 0 TD 2 Tc [(D;)-30000(s)]TJ /T13 1 Tf 165 -33.9995 TD 0 Tc (0)Tj /T11 1 Tf 47 33.9995 TD ( )Tj /T15 1 Tf 106 0 TD (A)Tj /T17 1 Tf 62 0 TD (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 32 0 TD [(s;)-14000(t)]TJ /T17 1 Tf 106 0 TD (\);)Tj /T15 1 Tf -831 133.0005 TD (s)Tj /T11 1 Tf 62 0 TD (6)Tj /T17 1 Tf T* (=)Tj /T15 1 Tf 88 0 TD (s)Tj /T13 1 Tf 38.9998 -34 TD (0)Tj /T11 1 Tf 42.0002 34 TD (^)Tj /T15 1 Tf 74 0 TD (F)Tj /T17 1 Tf 65 0 TD (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 31.9998 0 TD [(s;)-14000(t)]TJ /T17 1 Tf 106 0 TD 23 Tc (\)=)Tj /T15 1 Tf 143.0002 0 TD 0 Tc (F)Tj /T17 1 Tf 65 0 TD (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 31.9998 0 TD (s)Tj /T13 1 Tf 39.0002 -34 TD (0)Tj /T15 1 Tf 23 34 TD 14 Tc (;t)Tj /T17 1 Tf 67 0 TD 0 Tc (\))Tj /T10 1 Tf 32 -67 TD (\003)Tj /T15 1 Tf -1075.0002 192 TD 23 Tc (<\017)Tj /T11 1 Tf 140.0002 0 TD 19 Tc (\001j)Tj /T15 1 Tf 65 0 TD 0 Tc (A)Tj /T11 1 Tf 62 0 TD 19 Tc (j\001)Tj /T15 1 Tf 82.9998 0 TD 0 Tc (R)Tj /T17 1 Tf 64 0 TD (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 32.0002 0 TD (D)Tj /T17 1 Tf 71 0 TD (\))Tj -1058 265 TD (W)Tj 77.9998 0 TD (e)Tj 78.0002 0 TD (should)Tj 277 0 TD (\014rst)Tj 184.9998 0 TD (note)Tj 198 0 TD (that)Tj 193 0 TD (this)Tj 175 0 TD (de\014nition)Tj 383.0002 0 TD (matc)Tj 177.9995 0 TD (hes)Tj -1744.9995 100 TD [(our)-20000(in)]TJ 208 0 TD [(tuition)-21000(ab)-2000(out)-21000(a)-21000(passw)]TJ 770.9998 0 TD [(ord)-19000(hashing)-20000(function)-21000(lik)]TJ 844.0002 0 TD (e)Tj /T16 1 Tf -1823 99 TD (crypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 183 0 TD (.)Tj 57.9998 0 TD [(If)-20000(users)-20000(c)]TJ 312 0 TD [(ho)-2000(ose)-18000(predictable)-20000(enough)-19000(passw)]TJ 1132.0002 0 TD (ords,)Tj -1685 100 TD (kno)Tj 129.9998 0 TD [(wing)-32000(a)-32000(passw)]TJ 489.0002 0 TD [(ord)-31000(hash)-32000(giv)]TJ 458 0 TD [(es)-32000(adv)]TJ 232 0 TD [(ersaries)-30000(a)-32000(large)]TJ -1309 100 TD (adv)Tj 127 0 TD (an)Tj 86 0 TD (tage|they)Tj 432 0 TD (can)Tj 163 0 TD (compare)Tj 343 0 TD (hashes)Tj 274 0 TD (of)Tj 106 0 TD (the)Tj 153 0 TD (most)Tj -1684 99 TD [(p)-2000(opular)-25000(passw)]TJ 516.9998 0 TD [(ords)-24000(to)-26000(that)-26000(of)-26000(the)-26000(passw)]TJ 902.0002 0 TD [(ord)-24000(they)-26000(are)]TJ -1419 100 TD (trying)Tj 257 0 TD (to)Tj 112 0 TD (break.)Tj 290.9998 0 TD (If,)Tj 118 0 TD (additionally)Tj 425 0 TD (,)Tj 63 0 TD (one)Tj 162 0 TD (can)Tj 163.0002 0 TD (guess)Tj 226.9995 0 TD (a)Tj -1817.9995 100 TD [(useful)-24000(predicate)-23000(without)-24000(ev)]TJ 974 0 TD [(en)-23000(lo)-2000(oking)-22000(at)-24000(a)-23000(passw)]TJ 767 0 TD (ord)Tj -1741 99 TD [(hash|for)-27000(instance)-28000(b)]TJ 745 0 TD [(y)-28000(kno)]TJ 201.9998 0 TD [(wing)-27000(that)-29000(the)-28000(third)-29000(c)]TJ 766.0002 0 TD (har-)Tj -1713 100 TD [(acter)-24000(of)-24000(most)-25000(passw)]TJ 708.9998 0 TD [(ords)-22000(is)-25000(a)-24000(l)0(o)]TJ 386.0002 0 TD (w)Tj 57.9998 0 TD [(er-case)-22000(letter|then)]TJ -1152.9998 100 TD [(clearly)-26000(an)-28000(adv)]TJ 511 0 TD [(ersary)-25000(can)-27000(guess)-26000(this)-28000(to)-2000(o.)]TJ -511 199 TD [(If,)-32000(ho)]TJ 196 0 TD (w)Tj 57.9998 0 TD (ev)Tj 79.0002 0 TD [(er,)-29000(no)-30000(single)-30000(passw)]TJ 686 0 TD [(ord)-28000(o)-2000(ccurs)-30000(with)-31000(partic-)]TJ -1019 99 TD (ularly)Tj 250 0 TD (high)Tj 196 0 TD (probabilit)Tj 354 0 TD (y)Tj 37 0 TD (,)Tj 65 0 TD (an)Tj 127.9998 0 TD (adv)Tj 130.0002 0 TD (ersary)Tj 259 0 TD (should)Tj 274.9995 0 TD (need)Tj -1693.9995 100 TD (to)Tj 115 0 TD [(exp)-2000(end)]TJ 299 0 TD (a)Tj 82.9998 0 TD (large)Tj 217.0002 0 TD (amoun)Tj 243 0 TD (t)Tj 71.9998 0 TD (of)Tj 108.0002 0 TD (e\013ort)Tj 233 0 TD (\(as)Tj 147.9995 0 TD (measured)Tj -1517.9995 100 TD (in)Tj 108 0 TD (circuit)Tj 269.9998 0 TD (gates\))Tj 257 0 TD (to)Tj 113.0002 0 TD (disco)Tj 179 0 TD (v)Tj 42 0 TD (er)Tj 107 0 TD (an)Tj 86 0 TD (y)Tj 82 0 TD (non-trivial)Tj 420 0 TD (infor-)Tj -1664 99 TD [(mation)-30000(ab)-2000(out)-31000(a)-30000(passw)]TJ 808.9998 0 TD (ord.)Tj 188 0 TD (Finally)Tj 248.0002 0 TD 31 Tc (,w)Tj 112 0 TD 0 Tc [(e)-30000(also)-30000(wish)-30000(to)]TJ -1357 100 TD (prev)Tj 158 0 TD (en)Tj 81 0 TD [(t)-29000(a)0(n)-29000(attac)]TJ 361 0 TD (k)Tj 41.9998 0 TD [(er)-28000(from)-30000(\014nding)-30000(other)-29000(strings)-29000(that)]TJ -641.9998 100 TD [(hash)-29000(to)-29000(the)-30000(same)-29000(v)]TJ 692.9998 0 TD [(alue)-30000(as)-28000(a)-29000(passw)]TJ 564.0002 0 TD [(ord;)-29000(suc)]TJ 287 0 TD [(h)-29000(strings)]TJ -1544 99 TD (ma)Tj 109 0 TD [(y)-32000(pro)]TJ 194.9998 0 TD (v)Tj 42.0002 0 TD [(e)-31000(equiv)]TJ 256.9998 0 TD (alen)Tj 146.0002 0 TD [(t)-32000(t)0(o)-32000(passw)]TJ 381.9998 0 TD [(ords)-30000(during)-32000(authen-)]TJ -1130.9998 100 TD (tication.)Tj 365 0 TD (The)Tj 180 0 TD (requiremen)Tj 403 0 TD (t)Tj 68.9998 0 TD (of)Tj 104 0 TD (second)Tj 277.0002 0 TD (preimage)Tj 365 0 TD (re-)Tj -1763 98.9998 TD [(sistance)-27000(guaran)]TJ 558.9998 0 TD [(tees)-26000(suc)]TJ 279.0002 0 TD [(h)-28000(collisions)-27000(are)-26000(hard)-28000(to)-28000(\014nd,)]TJ -838 100.0002 TD (ev)Tj 78.9998 0 TD (en)Tj 120.0002 0 TD (with)Tj 198.9998 0 TD (kno)Tj 130 0 TD (wledge)Tj 281 0 TD (of)Tj 105.0002 0 TD (the)Tj 152.9998 0 TD (original)Tj 310 0 TD (passw)Tj 212.0002 0 TD (ord.)Tj 209 0 TD (It)Tj -1798 100 TD [(also)-31000(ensures)-31000(that)]TJ /T15 1 Tf 651 0 TD (F)Tj /T17 1 Tf 97 0 TD [(do)-2000(es)-32000(not)-32000(ignore)-31000(an)]TJ 684 0 TD [(y)-31000(bits)-32000(of)-32000(its)]TJ -1432 98.9998 TD (passw)Tj 212 0 TD [(ord)-26000(input.)]TJ -212 200 TD [(The)-28000(de\014nition)-27000(implies)-28000(that)-28000(a)-27000(secure)-26000(passw)]TJ 1531 0 TD [(ord)-26000(func-)]TJ -1531 99 TD (tion)Tj /T15 1 Tf 171 0 TD (F)Tj /T17 1 Tf 64.9998 0 TD (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 32 0 TD [(s;)-14000(t)]TJ /T17 1 Tf 106.0002 0 TD 28 Tc (\)m)Tj 127 0 TD 0 Tc [(ust)-28000(mak)]TJ 291.9998 0 TD [(e)-27000(non-trivial)-26000(use)-28000(of)-28000(its)-28000(second)]TJ -792.9998 100 TD (argumen)Tj 313 0 TD (t,)Tj /T15 1 Tf 83 0 TD (t)Tj /T17 1 Tf 30 0 TD (.)Tj 64 0 TD (T)Tj 52.9998 0 TD [(o)-29000(see)-28000(this,)-30000(consider)-27000(that)-30000(the)-29000(\014rst)-29000(bit)]TJ -542.9998 99 TD (of)Tj /T15 1 Tf 85.9998 0 TD (F)Tj /T17 1 Tf 65.0002 0 TD (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 32 0 TD (s;)Tj /T17 1 Tf 76 0 TD [(0\))-19000(is)-19000(a)-19000(p)-2000(erfectly)-19000(v)]TJ 603 0 TD [(alid)-19000(predicate)-18000(on)-19000(passw)]TJ 823 0 TD (ords.)Tj -1685 100 TD [(An)-19000(attac)]TJ 309.9998 0 TD (k)Tj 42.0002 0 TD [(er)-17000(could)-19000(easily)-18000(guess)-18000(this)-19000(predicate)-18000(if)-19000(either)]TJ /T15 1 Tf -352 100 TD (F)Tj /T17 1 Tf 98.9998 0 TD (ignored)Tj 302.0002 0 TD (its)Tj 121.9998 0 TD (second)Tj 275.0002 0 TD (argumen)Tj 313 0 TD (t)Tj 65 0 TD (or)Tj 107.9998 0 TD (the)Tj 149 0 TD (string)Tj 243.0002 0 TD (0)Tj 76 0 TD 2 Tc [(oc)2000(-)]TJ -1752 99.0001 TD 0 Tc [(curred)-25000(in)]TJ /T15 1 Tf 352 0 TD (T)Tj /T17 1 Tf 85 0 TD [(with)-26000(high)-26000(probabilit)]TJ 724 0 TD (y)Tj 37 0 TD (.)Tj 58 0 TD [(This)-26000(p)-2000(oin)]TJ 345 0 TD [(t)-26000(i)0(s)-25000(not)]TJ -1601 100 TD (merely)Tj 277 0 TD (an)Tj 123 0 TD (academic)Tj 366.9998 0 TD (one.)Tj 205 0 TD (A)Tj 97.0002 0 TD (single-input)Tj 460 0 TD (passw)Tj 212 0 TD (ord)Tj -1741 100 TD [(hashing)-31000(function)]TJ /T15 1 Tf 638 0 TD (F)Tj /T17 1 Tf 64.9998 0 TD (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 32 0 TD (s)Tj /T17 1 Tf 39.0002 0 TD [(\))-32000(can)-32000(b)-2000(e)-32000(in)]TJ 404.9998 0 TD (v)Tj 42 0 TD [(erted)-31000(b)]TJ 260.0002 0 TD [(y)-31000(a)-31000(circuit)]TJ -1481 99 TD [(large)-18000(enough)-19000(to)-20000(enco)-2000(de)-19000(a)-19000(l)0(o)-2000(okup)-20000(table)-19000(mapping)]TJ /T15 1 Tf 1691.9995 0 TD (F)Tj /T17 1 Tf 65.0005 0 TD (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 32 0 TD (s)Tj /T17 1 Tf 39 0 TD (\))Tj -1828 100 TD [(\(or)-27000(su\016cien)]TJ 422.9998 0 TD [(tly)-28000(man)]TJ 282 0 TD [(y)-28000(bits)-28000(of)]TJ /T15 1 Tf 329 0 TD (F)Tj /T17 1 Tf 65.0002 0 TD (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 31.9998 0 TD (s)Tj /T17 1 Tf 39.0002 0 TD [(\)\))-29000(to)]TJ /T15 1 Tf 194 0 TD (s)Tj /T17 1 Tf 38.9998 0 TD (.)Tj 61.0002 0 TD [(The)-28000(size)-28000(of)]TJ -1464 99 TD (suc)Tj 114 0 TD [(h)-31000(a)-31000(circuit)-31000(dep)-2000(ends)-32000(only)-31000(on)-31000(the)-31000(probabilit)]TJ 1542 0 TD [(y)-30000(dis-)]TJ -1656 100 TD (tribution)Tj 358.9998 0 TD (of)Tj 104.0002 0 TD (the)Tj 151 0 TD (passw)Tj 212 0 TD (ords,)Tj 213.9998 0 TD (not)Tj 156 0 TD (on)Tj 124.0002 0 TD (the)Tj 152 0 TD (particulars)Tj -1472 100.0001 TD (of)Tj /T15 1 Tf 95 0 TD (F)Tj /T17 1 Tf 64.9998 0 TD (.)Tj -159.9998 199 TD [(As)-24000(prop)-2000(osed)-24000(b)]TJ 514 0 TD [(y)-24000(Morris)-23000(and)-24000(Thompson)-23000([9],)-25000(ho)]TJ 1118 0 TD (w)Tj 58 0 TD (ev)Tj 78.9995 0 TD (er,)Tj -1768.9995 100 TD [(lo)-2000(okup)-31000(tables)-32000(can)-32000(b)-2000(e)-32000(th)]TJ 870.9998 0 TD (w)Tj 58 0 TD [(arted)-31000(with)]TJ 415.0002 0 TD [(the)-32000(second)-31000(in-)]TJ -1344 98.9998 TD (put)Tj 158 0 TD (to)Tj /T15 1 Tf 107 0 TD (F)Tj /T17 1 Tf 64.9998 0 TD (,)Tj 57.0002 0 TD (whic)Tj 164 0 TD (h)Tj 78.9998 0 TD (they)Tj 193.0002 0 TD [(call)-32000(a)]TJ /T16 1 Tf 231.9998 0 TD (salt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 125 0 TD (.)Tj 77.0002 0 TD (If)Tj 88 0 TD (a)Tj 75 0 TD [(random)-32000(salt)]TJ -1420 100.0002 TD (is)Tj 90 0 TD (c)Tj 35 0 TD (hosen)Tj 237 0 TD (whenev)Tj 267.9998 0 TD (er)Tj 103.0002 0 TD (users)Tj 215 0 TD (establish)Tj 347.9998 0 TD (new)Tj 177.0002 0 TD (passw)Tj 212 0 TD (ords,)Tj -1685 98.9998 TD [(and)-23000(if)-23000(the)-23000(salt)-22000(space)-22000(is)-23000(large)-21000(enough)-22000(to)-22000(ensure)-23000(a)-22000(neg-)]TJ ET endstream endobj 24 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /T8 25 0 R /T9 26 0 R /T10 27 0 R /T11 28 0 R /T12 29 0 R /T13 19 0 R /T14 20 0 R /T15 21 0 R /T16 4 0 R /T17 5 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 11 0 R >> >> endobj 31 0 obj << /Length 19458 >> stream BT /T17 1 Tf 0.12 0 0 -0.12 72 723.9 Tm 0 g /GS1 gs 0 Tc [(ligible)-27000(probabilit)]TJ 598 0 TD 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-11.9995 TD (.)Tj -1837.0001 99 TD [(The)-24000(pro)-2000(cess)-23000(con)]TJ 576 0 TD (tin)Tj 99.0001 0 TD [(ues,)-24000(alternating)-24000(b)-2000(e)0(t)]TJ 699.9999 0 TD (w)Tj 58 0 TD [(een)-24000(the)-24000(\014rst)]TJ -1433 100 TD [(and)-30000(second)-29000(64)-29000(bits)-30000(salt.)]TJ 908 0 TD (When)Tj /T16 1 Tf 244 0 TD (Exp)Tj 133 0 TD (andKey)Tj /T17 1 Tf 310.9999 0 TD (\014nishes)Tj -1595.9999 100 TD [(replacing)-26000(en)]TJ 436 0 TD [(tries)-27000(in)-28000(the)-28000(P-Arra)]TJ 678 0 TD (y)Tj 37 0 TD [(,)-26000(i)0(t)-28000(con)]TJ 255 0 TD (tin)Tj 99.0001 0 TD [(ues)-27000(on)-27000(re-)]TJ -1505.0001 99 TD [(placing)-24000(S-b)-2000(o)]TJ 445 0 TD 25 Tc [(xe)25000(n)]TJ 150 0 TD 0 Tc [(tries)-24000(t)]TJ 212 0 TD (w)Tj 58 0 TD [(o)-25000(a)0(t)-25000(a)-24000(time.)]TJ 453.0001 0 TD [(After)-25000(replacing)]TJ -1318.0001 100 TD (the)Tj 149.9999 0 TD (last)Tj 165.0001 0 TD (t)Tj 30.0001 0 TD (w)Tj 57.9999 0 TD (o)Tj 75.0001 0 TD (en)Tj 81 0 TD (tries)Tj 193 0 TD (of)Tj 101.0001 0 TD (the)Tj 149.9998 0 TD (last)Tj 165.0002 0 TD [(S-b)-2000(o)]TJ 162 0 TD (x,)Tj /T15 1 Tf 102.9999 0 TD (S)Tj /T12 1 Tf 51.0001 11.9995 TD (4)Tj /T17 1 Tf 36.9998 -11.9995 TD ([254])Tj 205 0 TD (and)Tj /T15 1 Tf -1725.9999 99 TD (S)Tj /T12 1 Tf 51.0001 11.9995 TD (4)Tj /T17 1 Tf 37 -11.9995 TD ([255],)Tj /T16 1 Tf 222 0 TD (Exp)Tj 132.9999 0 TD (andKey)Tj /T17 1 Tf 308 0 TD [(returns)-27000(the)-28000(new)-28000(k)]TJ 643 0 TD [(ey)-27000(sc)]TJ 175.9999 0 TD (hedule.)Tj -1569.9999 200 TD [(In)-31000(computing)]TJ /T16 1 Tf 521 0 TD (Exp)Tj 133 0 TD (andKey\(state,)Tj 537 0 TD (0,)Tj 101 0 TD (key\))Tj /T17 1 Tf 150 0 TD (,)Tj 55.9999 0 TD [(a)-31000(blo)-2000(c)]TJ 221.0002 0 TD 30 Tc [(ko)30000(f)]TJ -1719.0001 99 TD 0 Tc [(128)-26000(0)-27000(bits)-27000(is)-27000(used)-27000(instead)-27000(of)-27000(the)-28000(salt.)]TJ 1366 0 TD [(This)-28000(is)-27000(equiv-)]TJ -1366 100 TD (alen)Tj 146 0 TD [(t)-32000(t)0(o)-32000(a)-32000(single)-32000(iteration)-32000(of)-32000(the)]TJ 1069 0 TD [(standard)-32000(blo)]TJ 460.9999 0 TD (w\014sh)Tj -1675.9999 100 TD (k)Tj 42.0001 0 TD [(ey)-27000(sc)]TJ 175.9999 0 TD (hedule.)Tj 295 0 TD [(The)-28000(call)-27000(to)]TJ /T16 1 Tf 424.0001 0 TD (Exp)Tj 132.9999 0 TD [(andKey\(state,)-31000(0,)-31000(salt\))]TJ /T17 1 Tf -1070 99 TD [(simply)-28000(treats)-27000(the)-28000(salt)-27000(as)-27000(a)-27000(16-b)]TJ 1129 0 TD [(yte)-26000(k)]TJ 181 0 TD (ey)Tj 73.9999 0 TD (.)Tj -1383.9999 198.9995 TD [(After)-20000(calling)]TJ /T16 1 Tf 464 0 TD (InitState)Tj /T17 1 Tf 340 0 TD [(to)-20000(\014ll)-20000(a)-19000(new)-20000(k)]TJ 472 0 TD [(ey)-19000(sc)]TJ 168 0 TD [(hedule)-20000(with)]TJ -1444 100 TD (the)Tj 149.9999 0 TD (digits)Tj 233.0001 0 TD (of)Tj /T15 1 Tf 101 0 TD (\031)Tj /T17 1 Tf 50 0 TD (,)Tj /T16 1 Tf 60.0001 0 TD (EksBlow\014shSetup)Tj /T17 1 Tf 667 0 TD (calls)Tj /T16 1 Tf 192 0 TD (Exp)Tj 133 0 TD (andKey)Tj /T17 1 Tf -1586.0001 100 TD (with)Tj 199 0 TD (the)Tj 152.0001 0 TD (salt)Tj 166.9999 0 TD (and)Tj 171 0 TD (k)Tj 42.0001 0 TD (ey)Tj 73.9999 0 TD (.)Tj 88.0001 0 TD (This)Tj 198.9999 0 TD (ensures)Tj 301.0001 0 TD (that)Tj 189 0 TD (all)Tj 125 0 TD (sub-)Tj -1707.0001 99 TD (sequen)Tj 241.0001 0 TD (t)Tj 69.9999 0 TD (state)Tj 215 0 TD [(dep)-2000(ends)]TJ 332 0 TD (on)Tj 127 0 TD [(b)-2000(oth,)]TJ 233.0001 0 TD (and)Tj 171.9999 0 TD (that)Tj 191.0001 0 TD (no)Tj 126.9998 0 TD (part)Tj -1707.9999 100.0005 TD [(of)-28000(the)-28000(algorithm)-27000(can)-28000(b)-2000(e)-28000(precomputed)-28000(without)-29000(b)-2000(oth)]TJ T* [(salt)-30000(and)-31000(k)]TJ 367 0 TD (ey)Tj 74.0001 0 TD (.)Tj 68.9999 0 TD (Thereafter,)Tj /T16 1 Tf 436 0 TD (Exp)Tj 133 0 TD (andKey)Tj /T17 1 Tf 304 0 TD [(is)-31000(alternately)]TJ -1383 98.9998 TD [(called)-22000(with)-22000(the)-22000(salt)-22000(and)-22000(then)-22000(k)]TJ 1083 0 TD [(ey)-22000(for)-21000(2)]TJ /T5 1 Tf 266.0001 -29.9998 TD (c)Tj 28.9999 0 TD (ost)Tj /T17 1 Tf 116.9999 29.9998 TD (iterations.)Tj -1494.9999 100 TD (F)Tj 46.9999 0 TD (or)Tj 109.0001 0 TD (all)Tj 123.0001 0 TD (but)Tj 159.0001 0 TD (the)Tj 150.9999 0 TD (\014rst)Tj 178 0 TD (in)Tj 67.0001 0 TD (v)Tj 41.9999 0 TD [(o)-2000(cation)]TJ 300 0 TD (of)Tj /T16 1 Tf 102 0 TD (Exp)Tj 133.0001 0 TD (andKey)Tj /T17 1 Tf 272.9998 0 TD (,)Tj 61 0 TD (the)Tj -1744.9999 99 TD [(second)-24000(argumen)]TJ 578.0001 0 TD [(t)-23000(i)0(s)-24000(a)-24000(blo)-2000(c)]TJ 348.9999 0 TD [(k)-24000(o)0(f)-24000(128)-23000(0)-24000(bits.)]TJ 567.0001 0 TD [(This)-24000(more)]TJ -1494.0001 100 TD [(closely)-24000(resem)]TJ 470 0 TD [(bles)-23000(the)-25000(original)-23000(blo)]TJ 707.9999 0 TD [(w\014sh)-24000(k)]TJ 251.0001 0 TD [(ey)-24000(sc)]TJ 172.9999 0 TD (hedule,)Tj -1601.9999 100 TD [(and)-18000(also)-18000(allo)]TJ 438.0001 0 TD (ws)Tj /T16 1 Tf 109.9999 0 TD (EksBlow\014shSetup)Tj /T17 1 Tf 652 0 TD [(to)-19000(b)-2000(e)-18000(implemen)]TJ 544.0001 0 TD (ted)Tj -1744.0001 99 TD [(more)-25000(e\016cien)]TJ 453 0 TD [(tly)-26000(on)-25000(CPU)-26000(arc)]TJ 553.0001 0 TD [(hitectures)-24000(with)-26000(few)-26000(reg-)]TJ -1006.0001 100 TD (isters.)Tj 0 199 TD (W)Tj 78 0 TD [(e)-29000(hop)-2000(e)-30000(that)-29000(the)-29000(unpredictable)-29000(and)-29000(c)]TJ 1315.0001 0 TD [(hanging)-28000(con-)]TJ -1393.0001 100 TD (ten)Tj 113.0001 0 TD [(t)-27000(o)0(f)-28000(the)-27000(P-arra)]TJ 528.9999 0 TD [(y)-24000(and)-27000(S-Bo)]TJ 402 0 TD [(xes)-25000(will)-28000(reduce)-26000(the)-28000(ap-)]TJ -1044 99.0002 TD (plicabilit)Tj 316.0001 0 TD 24 Tc [(yo)24000(f)-1000(y)]TJ 201.9999 0 TD 0 Tc [(et)-24000(unkno)]TJ 315 0 TD [(wn)-24000(optimizations.)]TJ 679.0001 0 TD (Addition-)Tj -1512.0001 100 TD (ally)Tj 168 0 TD (the)Tj /T16 1 Tf 153 0 TD (eksblow\014sh)Tj /T17 1 Tf 433 0 TD (S-Bo)Tj 173 0 TD (xes)Tj 149 0 TD (require)Tj 289 0 TD (4)Tj 79 0 TD (KB)Tj 160.0001 0 TD (of)Tj 103.9998 0 TD (con-)Tj -1707.9999 100 TD (stan)Tj 151.0001 0 TD (tly)Tj 132.9999 0 TD (accessed)Tj 336 0 TD (and)Tj 169 0 TD [(mo)-2000(di\014ed)]TJ 346 0 TD (memory)Tj 287 0 TD (.)Tj 79.9999 0 TD (Th)Tj 104.0002 0 TD (us,)Tj 138.9998 0 TD (the)Tj -1744.9999 99 TD (S-Bo)Tj 173.0001 0 TD (xes)Tj 153.9999 0 TD (cannot)Tj 286 0 TD 2 Tc (be)Tj 127 0 TD 0 Tc (shared)Tj 278.0001 0 TD (across)Tj 259.9999 0 TD (k)Tj 42 0 TD (ey)Tj 122 0 TD (sc)Tj 68.0001 0 TD (hedules|)Tj -1510.0001 100 TD [(separate)-26000(S-Bo)]TJ 501 0 TD [(xes)-27000(m)]TJ 208 0 TD [(ust)-27000(exist)-28000(for)-27000(ev)]TJ 541 0 TD [(ery)-27000(sim)]TJ 263.9999 0 TD (ultaneous)Tj -1513.9999 100 TD (execution.)Tj 418 0 TD [(This)-32000(v)]TJ 233 0 TD [(astly)-32000(limits)]TJ 442.0001 0 TD [(the)-32000(usefulness)]TJ 539 0 TD [(of)-32000(an)]TJ 185 0 TD (y)Tj -1817.0001 99 TD (attempts)Tj 363.0001 0 TD (to)Tj 113.9999 0 TD [(pip)-2000(eline)]TJ 324 0 TD (the)Tj 155.0001 0 TD (F)Tj 46.9998 0 TD (eistel)Tj 225 0 TD (net)Tj 113.0001 0 TD (w)Tj 58.0001 0 TD (ork)Tj 158 0 TD (in)Tj 108.9998 0 TD (hard-)Tj -1665.9999 100 TD (w)Tj 58 0 TD (are.)Tj /T18 1 Tf -58 299.9999 TD (5)Tj 168 0 TD (Bcrypt)Tj 378 0 TD (Algorithm)Tj /T17 1 Tf -546 235 TD (The)Tj 189.0001 0 TD (problems)Tj 374.9999 0 TD (presen)Tj 230 0 TD (t)Tj 77 0 TD (in)Tj 116.0001 0 TD (traditional)Tj 428.9999 0 TD (UNIX)Tj 263.0001 0 TD (pass-)Tj -1679.0001 99 TD (w)Tj 58 0 TD [(ord)-19000(hashes)-20000(led)-21000(naturally)-19000(to)-21000(a)-20000(new)-20000(passw)]TJ 1405.9999 0 TD [(ord)-19000(sc)]TJ 208.0002 0 TD (heme)Tj -1672.0001 100 TD (whic)Tj 164.0001 0 TD (h)Tj 80 0 TD (w)Tj 57.9999 0 TD (e)Tj 71.0001 0 TD (call)Tj /T16 1 Tf 158.9999 0 TD (b)Tj 34.0001 0 TD (crypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 182.9999 0 TD (,)Tj 60.0001 0 TD (referring)Tj 341.9999 0 TD (to)Tj 108 0 TD (the)Tj 149.9999 0 TD (Blo)Tj 122.0002 0 TD (w\014sh)Tj 218 0 TD (en-)Tj -1749.0001 100 TD [(cryption)-30000(algorithm.)]TJ 751 0 TD [(Bcrypt)-30000(uses)-30000(a)-29000(128-bit)-29000(salt)-30000(and)]TJ -751 99 TD [(encrypts)-29000(a)-30000(192-bit)-29000(magic)-29000(v)]TJ 974.0001 0 TD (alue.)Tj 213.9999 0 TD [(It)-31000(tak)]TJ 209 0 TD [(es)-29000(adv)]TJ 226.0001 0 TD (an)Tj 85.9998 0 TD (tage)Tj -1708.9999 100 TD [(of)-28000(the)-28000(exp)-2000(ensiv)]TJ 548 0 TD 27 Tc (ek)Tj 106 0 TD 0 Tc [(ey)-26000(setup)-28000(in)]TJ /T16 1 Tf 426.0001 0 TD (eksblow\014sh)Tj /T17 1 Tf 389 0 TD (.)Tj -1469.0001 199 TD (The)Tj /T16 1 Tf 174 0 TD (b)Tj 34 0 TD (crypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 223 0 TD [(algorithm)-29000(runs)-31000(in)-31000(t)]TJ 700.0001 0 TD (w)Tj 57.9999 0 TD [(o)-31000(phases,)-31000(sk)]TJ 438.9999 0 TD (etc)Tj 104.0002 0 TD (hed)Tj -1732.0001 100 TD (in)Tj 108 0 TD (Figure)Tj 272 0 TD (3.)Tj 134 0 TD (In)Tj 114.0001 0 TD (the)Tj 153.9999 0 TD (\014rst)Tj 182 0 TD (phase,)Tj /T16 1 Tf 268 0 TD (EksBlow\014shSetup)Tj /T17 1 Tf -1232 99 TD [(is)-31000(called)-31000(with)-31000(the)-32000(cost,)-31000(the)-32000(salt,)-32000(and)-31000(the)-31000(passw)]TJ 1718.0001 0 TD (ord,)Tj -1718.0001 100 TD (to)Tj 115 0 TD (initialize)Tj /T16 1 Tf 349 0 TD (eksblow\014sh)Tj /T17 1 Tf 395.0001 0 TD ('s)Tj 98.9999 0 TD (state.)Tj 275 0 TD (Most)Tj 223.0001 0 TD (of)Tj 107.9998 0 TD [(b)-2000(crypt's)]TJ 564 -5247 TD [(b)-2000(crypt)-27000(\()]TJ /T16 1 Tf 299 0 TD (c)Tj 34.0002 0 TD (ost)Tj /T17 1 Tf 103.9998 0 TD (,)Tj /T16 1 Tf 51.0002 0 TD (salt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 125 0 TD (,)Tj /T16 1 Tf 51 0 TD (pwd)Tj /T17 1 Tf 147.9998 0 TD (\))Tj /T16 1 Tf -728.9998 99.0005 TD (state)Tj /T11 1 Tf 202.9998 0 TD ( )Tj /T17 1 Tf 111.0002 0 TD (EksBlo)Tj 256 0 TD [(w\014shSetup)-26000(\()]TJ /T16 1 Tf 449.9998 0 TD (c)Tj 34 0 TD (ost)Tj /T17 1 Tf 104.0002 0 TD (,)Tj /T16 1 Tf 51 0 TD (salt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 125 0 TD (,)Tj /T16 1 Tf 51 0 TD (key)Tj /T17 1 Tf 123 0 TD (\))Tj /T16 1 Tf -1508 100 TD (ctext)Tj /T11 1 Tf 205 0 TD ( )Tj /T17 1 Tf 110.9998 0 TD (\\OrpheanBeholderScryDoubt")Tj /T6 1 Tf -315.9998 100 TD [(rep)-3000(eat)]TJ /T17 1 Tf 293 0 TD (\(64\))Tj /T16 1 Tf -210 98.9995 TD (ctext)Tj /T11 1 Tf 205 0 TD ( )Tj /T17 1 Tf 111 0 TD [(EncryptECB)-26000(\()]TJ /T16 1 Tf 528.9998 0 TD (state)Tj /T17 1 Tf 170.0002 0 TD (,)Tj /T16 1 Tf 51 0 TD (ctext)Tj /T17 1 Tf 179 0 TD (\))Tj /T6 1 Tf -1328 100 TD (return)Tj /T17 1 Tf 293 0 TD [(Concatenate)-27000(\()]TJ /T16 1 Tf 512 0 TD (c)Tj 33.9998 0 TD (ost)Tj /T17 1 Tf 104.0002 0 TD (,)Tj /T16 1 Tf 50 0 TD (salt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 125 0 TD (,)Tj /T16 1 Tf 51 0 TD (ctext)Tj /T17 1 Tf 179 0 TD (\))Tj -1549 395 TD [(Figure)-31000(3:)]TJ 375 0 TD [(The)-32000(b)-2000(crypt)-31000(algorithm)-31000(for)-30000(hashing)-31000(UNIX)]TJ -375 100 TD (passw)Tj 212 0 TD [(ords,)-25000(based)-27000(on)-28000(eksblo)]TJ 771.9998 0 TD (w\014sh.)Tj -983.9998 265 TD [(time)-25000(is)-24000(sp)-2000(en)]TJ 427.9998 0 TD [(t)-25000(i)0(n)-25000(the)-25000(exp)-2000(ensiv)]TJ 601 0 TD 24 Tc (ek)Tj 103.0002 0 TD 0 Tc [(ey)-24000(sc)]TJ 172.9998 0 TD (hedule.)Tj 293.0002 0 TD (F)Tj 47 0 TD (ollo)Tj 128 0 TD (w-)Tj -1773 100 TD [(ing)-30000(that,)-32000(the)-31000(192-bit)-29000(v)]TJ 816.9998 0 TD [(alue)-31000(\\OrpheanBeholderScry-)]TJ -816.9998 99 TD (Doubt")Tj 306 0 TD (is)Tj 90 0 TD (encrypted)Tj 393 0 TD (64)Tj 117 0 TD (times)Tj 229 0 TD (using)Tj /T16 1 Tf 224 0 TD (eksblow\014sh)Tj /T17 1 Tf 432 0 TD (in)Tj -1791 100 TD [(ECB)-27000(mo)-2000(de)-28000(with)-28000(the)-29000(state)-27000(from)-28000(the)-28000(previous)-27000(phase.)]TJ 0 99 TD [(The)-21000(output)-21000(is)-20000(the)-21000(cost)-21000(and)-20000(128-bit)-20000(salt)-20000(concatenated)]TJ 0 100 TD [(with)-28000(the)-28000(result)-27000(of)-28000(the)-28000(encryption)-27000(lo)-2000(op.)]TJ 0 199 TD (In)Tj 125 0 TD (Section)Tj 311 0 TD (3,)Tj 118.9998 0 TD (w)Tj 58.0002 0 TD (e)Tj 85 0 TD (deriv)Tj 180.9998 0 TD (ed)Tj 131.0002 0 TD (that)Tj 201 0 TD (an)Tj /T15 1 Tf 136 0 TD (\017)Tj /T17 1 Tf 34 0 TD (-secure)Tj 298 0 TD (pass-)Tj -1679 100 TD (w)Tj 58 0 TD (ord)Tj 158.9998 0 TD (function)Tj 336 0 TD (should)Tj 274.0002 0 TD (ful\014ll)Tj 225.9998 0 TD (sev)Tj 112 0 TD (eral)Tj 172.0002 0 TD [(imp)-2000(ortan)]TJ 332.9995 0 TD (t)Tj 70.0005 0 TD (cri-)Tj -1740 100 TD (teria:)Tj 225 0 TD [(second)-24000(preimage-resistance,)-22000(a)-24000(salt)-25000(space)-23000(large)]TJ -225 99 TD (enough)Tj 296.9998 0 TD (to)Tj 112 0 TD (defeat)Tj 258 0 TD (precomputation)Tj 610 0 TD (attac)Tj 183.0002 0 TD (ks,)Tj 140 0 TD (and)Tj 172 0 TD (an)Tj -1772 100 TD [(adaptable)-25000(cost.)]TJ 583.9998 0 TD (W)Tj 78.0002 0 TD [(e)-27000(b)-2000(eliev)]TJ 274 0 TD [(e)-26000(that)]TJ /T16 1 Tf 240.9998 0 TD (Bcrypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 276 0 TD (ac)Tj 76.9998 0 TD (hiev)Tj 148.0005 0 TD [(es)-24000(all)]TJ -1678 99 TD (three)Tj 221 0 TD [(prop)-2000(erties,)]TJ 425 0 TD (and)Tj 169.9998 0 TD (that)Tj 188 0 TD (it)Tj 92 0 TD (can)Tj 161.0002 0 TD 2 Tc (be)Tj /T15 1 Tf 121.9998 0 TD 0 Tc (\017)Tj /T17 1 Tf 34.0002 0 TD (-secure)Tj 286 0 TD (with)Tj -1699 100 TD [(useful)-23000(v)]TJ 271.9998 0 TD [(alues)-21000(of)]TJ /T15 1 Tf 292.0002 0 TD (\017)Tj /T17 1 Tf 56 0 TD [(for)-21000(y)]TJ 163 0 TD [(ears)-21000(to)-22000(come.)]TJ 504 0 TD [(Though)-22000(w)]TJ 362 0 TD [(e)-22000(can-)]TJ -1649 100 TD [(not)-32000(formally)-30000(pro)]TJ 602 0 TD (v)Tj 42 0 TD (e)Tj /T16 1 Tf 67 0 TD (b)Tj 34 0 TD (crypt)Tj /T15 1 Tf 223 0 TD (\017)Tj /T17 1 Tf 34 0 TD [(-secure,)-32000(an)]TJ 392 0 TD 31 Tc [(y\015)31000(a)]TJ 160.9995 0 TD (ww)Tj 149.0005 0 TD 0 Tc (ould)Tj -1704 98.9998 TD (lik)Tj 88 0 TD [(ely)-30000(deal)-31000(a)-31000(serious)-29000(blo)]TJ 770.9998 0 TD [(w)-31000(t)0(o)-31000(the)-31000(w)]TJ 400 0 TD [(ell-studied)-31000(blo)]TJ 514.0002 0 TD (w-)Tj -1773 100 TD [(\014sh)-28000(encryption)-27000(algorithm.)]TJ /T4 1 Tf 0 216.0002 TD (5.1)Tj 238 0 TD (Implemen)Tj 453.9998 0 TD (tation)Tj /T17 1 Tf -691.9998 215.9998 TD (W)Tj 77.9998 0 TD 20 Tc [(eh)20000(a)]TJ 143.0002 0 TD 0 Tc (v)Tj 42 0 TD [(e)-19000(implemen)]TJ 403.9998 0 TD (ted)Tj /T16 1 Tf 136 0 TD (b)Tj 34.0002 0 TD (crypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 211 0 TD [(and)-20000(deplo)]TJ 346 0 TD (y)Tj 42 0 TD [(ed)-19000(it)-20000(as)-20000(part)]TJ -1436 99 TD [(of)-21000(the)-21000(Op)-2000(enBSD)-21000(op)-2000(erating)-20000(system.)]TJ /T16 1 Tf 1279.9998 0 TD (Bcrypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 270.0002 0 TD [(has)-21000(b)-2000(een)]TJ -1550 100 TD [(the)-28000(default)-28000(passw)]TJ 633.9998 0 TD [(ord)-26000(sc)]TJ 215.0002 0 TD [(heme)-27000(since)-27000(Op)-2000(enBSD)-28000(2.1.)]TJ -849 199 TD [(An)-26000(imp)-2000(ortan)]TJ 466.9998 0 TD [(t)-25000(requiremen)]TJ 460.0002 0 TD 25 Tc [(to)25000(fa)25000(n)]TJ 235 0 TD 0 Tc (y)Tj /T16 1 Tf 69 0 TD (b)Tj 33.9998 0 TD (crypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 217.0002 0 TD (implemen-)Tj -1482 100 TD (tation)Tj 250 0 TD (is)Tj 89 0 TD (that)Tj 186 0 TD (it)Tj 88 0 TD (exploit)Tj 280 0 TD (the)Tj 148.9998 0 TD (full)Tj 151 0 TD [(128-bit)-32000(salt)]TJ 449.9998 0 TD (space.)Tj -1642.9995 99 TD [(Op)-2000(enBSD)-26000(generates)-24000(the)-25000(128-bit)]TJ /T16 1 Tf 1173 0 TD (b)Tj 34 0 TD (crypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 216 0 TD [(salt)-25000(from)-25000(an)]TJ -1423 100.0001 TD (arcfour)Tj 297.9998 0 TD (\()Tj /T16 1 Tf 32 0 TD (ar)Tj 73 0 TD (c4r)Tj 111.0002 0 TD (andom\(3\))Tj /T17 1 Tf 353.9998 0 TD (\))Tj 76.0002 0 TD (k)Tj 42 0 TD (ey)Tj 122 0 TD (stream,)Tj 312.9998 0 TD (seeded)Tj 278.0002 0 TD (with)Tj -1699 100.0001 TD [(random)-19000(data)-20000(the)-21000(k)]TJ 657 0 TD [(ernel)-19000(collects)-20000(from)-20000(device)-20000(timings.)]TJ -657 198.9999 TD [(Op)-2000(enBSD)]TJ 419 0 TD (lets)Tj 179 0 TD (administrators)Tj 581.9998 0 TD (select)Tj 253 0 TD (a)Tj 96.0002 0 TD (passw)Tj 212 0 TD (ord)Tj -1741 100 TD [(hashing)-24000(sc)]TJ 370 0 TD [(heme)-25000(through)-25000(a)-24000(s)0(p)-2000(ecial)-25000(con\014guration)-24000(\014le,)]TJ /T16 1 Tf -370 99 TD (p)Tj 38 0 TD (asswd.c)Tj 265.9998 0 TD (onf\(5\))Tj /T17 1 Tf 224 0 TD (.)Tj /T16 1 Tf 62.0002 0 TD (p)Tj 37.9998 0 TD (asswd.c)Tj 266.0002 0 TD (onf)Tj /T17 1 Tf 158 0 TD (allo)Tj 127.9998 0 TD [(ws)-24000(detailed)-25000(con)]TJ 551.0002 0 TD (trol)Tj -1731 100 TD (o)Tj 40 0 TD (v)Tj 42 0 TD [(er)-26000(whic)]TJ 259.9998 0 TD 27 Tc (ht)Tj 103.0002 0 TD 0 Tc [(yp)-2000(e)-28000(o)0(f)-27000(passw)]TJ 463 0 TD [(ord)-26000(to)-27000(use)-27000(for)-27000(a)-27000(giv)]TJ 694 0 TD [(en)-27000(user)]TJ -1602 99 TD [(or)-20000(group.)]TJ 359.9998 0 TD [(It)-21000(also)-20000(p)-2000(ermits)-20000(di\013eren)]TJ 806 0 TD [(t)-21000(passw)]TJ 265.0002 0 TD [(ord)-19000(sc)]TJ 208 0 TD (hemes)Tj -1639 100 TD [(for)-20000(lo)-2000(cal)-21000(and)-20000(YP)-21000(passw)]TJ 815.9998 0 TD [(ords.)-32000(F)]TJ 256.0002 0 TD (or)Tj /T16 1 Tf 94.9998 0 TD (b)Tj 34.0002 0 TD (crypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 183 0 TD [(,)-23000(one)-21000(can)-20000(also)]TJ -1384 100 TD [(sp)-2000(ecify)]TJ 281 0 TD (the)Tj 148.9998 0 TD (cost.)Tj 221.0002 0 TD (This)Tj 195 0 TD (lets)Tj 158.9998 0 TD [(p)-2000(eople)]TJ 266 0 TD (adjust)Tj 258.0002 0 TD (passw)Tj 212 0 TD (ord)Tj -1741 99.0001 TD (v)Tj 41.9998 0 TD 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686.82 Tm (5)Tj /T15 1 Tf 41.9998 0 TD (:)Tj /T17 1 Tf 23.0002 0 TD (7)Tj 140.9998 0 TD (min)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 518.748 695.208 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q q 0.48 0 0 -12 89.268 683.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 96 674.94 Tm (5)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 106.788 683.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q q 0.48 0 0 -12 108.828 683.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 119.88 674.94 Tm (0)Tj /T15 1 Tf 42.0001 0 TD (:)Tj /T17 1 Tf 22.9999 0 TD (4)Tj 141 0 TD (sec)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 174.228 683.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 180.48 674.94 Tm (49)Tj /T15 1 Tf 84 0 TD (:)Tj /T17 1 Tf 23 0 TD (5)Tj 140 0 TD (sec)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 239.748 683.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 250.92 674.94 Tm (4)Tj /T15 1 Tf 41.9998 0 TD (:)Tj /T17 1 Tf 23.0002 0 TD (2)Tj 141 0 TD (min)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 310.188 683.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 316.32 674.94 Tm (26)Tj /T15 1 Tf 83.9998 0 TD (:)Tj /T17 1 Tf 23.0002 0 TD (4)Tj 139.9998 0 TD (min)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 375.588 683.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 389.04 674.94 Tm (1)Tj /T15 1 Tf 42 0 TD (:)Tj /T17 1 Tf 22.9998 0 TD (1)Tj 141.0002 0 TD (hours)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 446.028 683.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 472.08 674.94 Tm (9)Tj 141.9998 0 TD (hours)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 518.748 683.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q q 72.72 0 0 -0.48 446.268 671.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q q 0.48 0 0 -12 89.268 671.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 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/T17 1 Tf 23.0002 0 TD (9)Tj 139.9998 0 TD (hours)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 375.588 671.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 389.04 662.94 Tm (2)Tj /T15 1 Tf 42 0 TD (:)Tj /T17 1 Tf 22.9998 0 TD (7)Tj 141.0002 0 TD (da)Tj 86 0 TD (ys)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 446.028 671.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 459.36 662.94 Tm (35)Tj /T15 1 Tf 84 0 TD (:)Tj /T17 1 Tf 23.0002 0 TD (5)Tj 140.9998 0 TD (da)Tj 86.0002 0 TD (ys)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 518.748 671.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q q 135.96 0 0 -0.48 310.308 659.448 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q q 0.48 0 0 -12 89.268 659.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 96 650.94 Tm (7)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 106.788 659.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q q 0.48 0 0 -12 108.828 659.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 114.96 650.94 Tm (41)Tj /T15 1 Tf 84 0 TD (:)Tj /T17 1 Tf 23 0 TD (6)Tj 140 0 TD (sec)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 174.228 659.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 185.4 650.94 Tm (9)Tj /T15 1 Tf 42.0001 0 TD (:)Tj /T17 1 Tf 22.9999 0 TD (3)Tj 141 0 TD (hours)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 239.748 659.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 250.92 650.94 Tm (3)Tj /T15 1 Tf 41.9998 0 TD (:)Tj /T17 1 Tf 23.0002 0 TD (8)Tj 141 0 TD (da)Tj 85.9998 0 TD (ys)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 310.188 659.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 316.32 650.94 Tm (49)Tj /T15 1 Tf 83.9998 0 TD (:)Tj /T17 1 Tf 23.0002 0 TD (6)Tj 139.9998 0 TD (da)Tj 86 0 TD (ys)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 375.588 659.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 386.76 650.94 Tm (169)Tj 225 0 TD (da)Tj 86 0 TD (ys)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 446.028 659.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 464.4 650.94 Tm (9)Tj /T15 1 Tf 41.9998 0 TD (:)Tj /T17 1 Tf 23.0002 0 TD (2)Tj 140.9998 0 TD (y)Tj 42.0002 0 TD (ears)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 518.748 659.328 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q q 135.96 0 0 -0.48 174.468 647.448 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q q 0.48 0 0 -12 89.268 647.4481 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 96 639.06 Tm (8)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 106.788 647.4481 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q q 0.48 0 0 -12 108.828 647.4481 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 119.88 639.06 Tm (6)Tj /T15 1 Tf 42.0001 0 TD (:)Tj /T17 1 Tf 22.9999 0 TD (9)Tj 141 0 TD (min)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 174.228 647.4481 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 188.16 639.06 Tm (10)Tj 182.9999 0 TD (da)Tj 86.0001 0 TD (ys)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 239.748 647.4481 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 248.76 639.06 Tm (136)Tj 224.0002 0 TD (da)Tj 85.9998 0 TD (ys)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 310.188 647.4481 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 329.04 639.06 Tm (7)Tj 140.9998 0 TD (y)Tj 42.0002 0 TD (ears)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 375.588 647.4481 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 384 639.06 Tm (28)Tj /T15 1 Tf 84 0 TD (:)Tj /T17 1 Tf 22.9998 0 TD (8)Tj 141.0002 0 TD (y)Tj 41.9998 0 TD (ears)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 446.028 647.4481 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 462.12 639.06 Tm (875)Tj 225 0 TD (y)Tj 42.0002 0 TD (ears)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 518.748 647.4481 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q q 0.48 0 0 -12 89.268 635.4481 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 96 627.06 Tm (9)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 106.788 635.4481 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q q 0.48 0 0 -12 108.828 635.4481 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 119.88 627.06 Tm (1)Tj /T15 1 Tf 42.0001 0 TD (:)Tj /T17 1 Tf 22.9999 0 TD (2)Tj 141 0 TD (hours)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 174.228 635.4481 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 183.24 627.06 Tm (261)Tj 224 0 TD (da)Tj 86.0001 0 TD (ys)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 239.748 635.4481 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 246 627.06 Tm (13)Tj /T15 1 Tf 83.9998 0 TD (:)Tj /T17 1 Tf 23.0002 0 TD (4)Tj 140 0 TD (y)Tj 41.9998 0 TD (ears)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 310.188 635.4481 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 319.08 627.06 Tm (366)Tj 224 0 TD (y)Tj 42.0002 0 TD (ears)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 375.588 635.4481 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 381.84 627.06 Tm (1786)Tj 266.0002 0 TD (y)Tj 41.9998 0 TD (ears)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 446.028 635.4481 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 452.16 627.06 Tm (83180)Tj 307.9998 0 TD (y)Tj 42.0002 0 TD (ears)Tj ET q 0.48 0 0 -12 518.748 635.4481 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q q 429.48 0 0 -0.48 89.508 623.568 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 72 605.22 Tm (T)Tj 53 0 TD (able)Tj 182.0001 0 TD (1:)Tj 113.9999 0 TD (Time)Tj 223.0001 0 TD (required)Tj 331.9999 0 TD (to)Tj 108.0001 0 TD (test)Tj 168 0 TD (a)Tj 76 0 TD (single)Tj 237 0 TD (passw)Tj 212 0 TD [(ord)-32000(against)]TJ 445.9998 0 TD (a)Tj 76 0 TD [(sp)-2000(eci\014ed)]TJ 341.0002 0 TD (passw)Tj 212 0 TD [(ord)-32000(space)]TJ 381 0 TD (when)Tj 223 0 TD [(b)-2000(eing)]TJ 230.9995 0 TD (able)Tj 181.0005 0 TD (to)Tj -3796 100 TD [(p)-2000(erform)-32000(240)]TJ /T15 1 Tf 445 0 TD (;)Tj /T17 1 Tf 37 0 TD [(000)-29000(ev)]TJ 231 0 TD [(aluations)-32000(of)]TJ /T16 1 Tf 460 0 TD (crypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 224 0 TD [(p)-2000(e)0(r)-32000(second.)]TJ 465.0001 0 TD (P)Tj 55 0 TD (assw)Tj 165.9998 0 TD [(ord)-30000(spaces)-31000(ab)-2000(o)]TJ 540.0002 0 TD (v)Tj 41.9998 0 TD [(e)-31000(the)]TJ 216 0 TD [(separation)-31000(can)-32000(b)-2000(e)]TJ 682.0002 0 TD (searc)Tj 180 0 TD (hed)Tj -3743 99 TD [(completely)-31000(within)-31000(4)-30000(d)0(a)]TJ 840 0 TD (ys.)Tj 146 0 TD (Ho)Tj 102 0 TD (w)Tj 58 0 TD (ev)Tj 79 0 TD [(er)-28000(this)-31000(do)-2000(es)-31000(not)-30000(imply)-32000(that)-31000(passw)]TJ 1236.0001 0 TD [(ords)-28000(c)]TJ 216.9998 0 TD [(hosen)-30000(from)-30000(b)-2000(elo)]TJ 581.0002 0 TD [(w)-31000(the)-31000(separation)]TJ -3259 100 TD [(are)-27000(secure)-26000(against)-27000(passw)]TJ 887.0001 0 TD [(ord)-25000(guessing.)]TJ 506.9999 0 TD [(These)-27000(times)-28000(are)-27000(normal)-26000(for)-27000(traditional)]TJ /T16 1 Tf 1419.9999 0 TD (crypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 219.0002 0 TD (no)Tj 85.9998 0 TD (w)Tj 58 0 TD (ada)Tj 128.0002 0 TD (ys.)Tj -3305 265 TD [(This)-22000(task)-22000(is)-22000(facilitated)-22000(b)]TJ 863 0 TD [(y)-22000(the)-23000(fact)-22000(that)-22000(users)-22000(tend)-22000(to)]TJ -863 100 TD (c)Tj 35.0001 0 TD [(ho)-2000(ose)-30000(predictable)-31000(passw)]TJ 877.0001 0 TD (ords.)Tj 221.9999 0 TD [(In)-31000(the)-31000(follo)]TJ 405.9999 0 TD [(wing,)-31000(w)]TJ 283.0002 0 TD (e)Tj -1823.0001 100 TD [(will)-21000(presen)]TJ 380 0 TD [(t)-21000(commonly)-20000(used)-21000(tec)]TJ 732.0001 0 TD [(hniques)-21000(and)-21000(ev)]TJ 526.9998 0 TD (aluate)Tj -1638.9999 99 TD (ho)Tj 86 0 TD [(w)-27000(they)-28000(a\013ect)-27000(the)-28000(securit)]TJ 879 0 TD 27 Tc [(yo)27000(f)]TJ /T16 1 Tf 166.0001 0 TD 0 Tc (b)Tj 33.9999 0 TD (crypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 183 0 TD (.)Tj -1348 199 TD [(The)-24000(most)-23000(common)-23000(metho)-2000(d)-24000(i)0(s)-23000(kno)]TJ 1201 0 TD [(wn)-23000(as)-23000(a)-23000(dictionary)]TJ -1201 100 TD (attac)Tj 183 0 TD (k.)Tj 141.9999 0 TD (It)Tj 104.0001 0 TD (is)Tj 96.0001 0 TD (based)Tj 244.9999 0 TD (on)Tj 128 0 TD (the)Tj 156 0 TD (kno)Tj 130 0 TD (wledge)Tj 285.0001 0 TD (that)Tj 193 0 TD (man)Tj 155 0 TD (y)Tj -1817.0001 100 TD (users)Tj 216.0001 0 TD (c)Tj 35 0 TD [(ho)-2000(ose)]TJ 234.9999 0 TD (their)Tj 205 0 TD (passw)Tj 212 0 TD [(ords)-32000(in)]TJ 290.0001 0 TD (a)Tj 75.9999 0 TD (v)Tj 42.0001 0 TD (ery)Tj 146.9998 0 TD (predictable)Tj -1457.9999 99 TD (w)Tj 58 0 TD (a)Tj 40.0001 0 TD (y)Tj 37 0 TD (.)Tj 57.9999 0 TD [(Often)-25000(a)-25000(user's)-24000(passw)]TJ 738.0001 0 TD [(ord)-23000(can)-25000(b)-2000(e)-25000(found)-25000(in)-26000(a)-24000(dic-)]TJ -931.0001 100 TD [(tionary)-25000(or)-25000(is)-26000(the)-27000(name)-26000(of)-26000(a)-26000(close)-25000(relativ)]TJ 1421 0 TD [(e)-25000(with)-26000(small)]TJ -1421 100 TD [(mo)-2000(di\014cations,)]TJ /T16 1 Tf 528.0001 0 TD (e.g.,)Tj /T17 1 Tf 175.9999 0 TD [(\\Susan1")-19000(or)-21000(\\neme$i$".)]TJ 890.0001 0 TD [(The)-22000(at-)]TJ -1594.0001 99 TD (tac)Tj 109 0 TD (k)Tj 42.0001 0 TD [(er)-25000(compiles)-26000(a)-26000(list)-27000(of)-27000(common)-26000(names)-26000(and)-26000(w)]TJ 1532.9998 0 TD (ords.)Tj -1683.9999 100 TD (F)Tj 46.9999 0 TD (or)Tj 111.0001 0 TD (a)Tj 79 0 TD (giv)Tj 107.0001 0 TD (en)Tj 119.0001 0 TD (salt,)Tj 191.9999 0 TD (the)Tj 153 0 TD (w)Tj 58 0 TD (ords)Tj 189.0001 0 TD (in)Tj 107 0 TD (the)Tj 151.9999 0 TD (list)Tj 148.0001 0 TD (are)Tj 148 0 TD (hashed)Tj -1610.0001 99 TD (with)Tj 196 0 TD (the)Tj 149.0001 0 TD (passw)Tj 211.9999 0 TD [(ord)-32000(sc)]TJ 221.0001 0 TD (heme)Tj 222.9999 0 TD (and)Tj 168 0 TD (compared)Tj 385.0001 0 TD (with)Tj 195 0 TD (en-)Tj -1749.0001 100 TD [(tries)-30000(of)-31000(the)-32000(same)-30000(salt)-31000(in)-31000(the)-31000(passw)]TJ 1263 0 TD [(ord)-29000(\014le.)]TJ 325.9999 0 TD [(If)-31000(there)]TJ -1588.9999 100 TD [(is)-27000(a)-28000(matc)]TJ 331 0 TD [(h,)-27000(the)-28000(plain)]TJ 417 0 TD [(text)-28000(passw)]TJ 385 0 TD [(ord)-25000(has)-27000(b)-2000(een)-28000(found.)]TJ -1133 199 TD (Commonly)Tj 388.0001 0 TD (,)Tj 67.9999 0 TD (lists)Tj 186 0 TD (of)Tj 108.0001 0 TD (lik)Tj 87.9999 0 TD (ely)Tj 146 0 TD (passw)Tj 212 0 TD (ords)Tj 193 0 TD (con)Tj 123.0001 0 TD (tain)Tj 183.9998 0 TD (h)Tj 44 0 TD (un-)Tj -1739.9999 100 TD (dreds)Tj 230 0 TD (of)Tj 103 0 TD (thousands)Tj 402 0 TD (of)Tj 102 0 TD (w)Tj 58 0 TD (ords.)Tj 238 0 TD (A)Tj 98.0001 0 TD (dictionary)Tj 402.9998 0 TD (attac)Tj 183.0002 0 TD (k)Tj -1817.0001 98.9998 TD (is)Tj 91.0001 0 TD (only)Tj 188.9999 0 TD (feasible)Tj 301 0 TD (when)Tj 224 0 TD (the)Tj 150.0001 0 TD (one-w)Tj 210.9999 0 TD (a)Tj 40.0001 0 TD (y)Tj 76.9999 0 TD (function)Tj 331.9999 0 TD (can)Tj 160.0002 0 TD 2 Tc (be)Tj -1775.0001 100 TD 0 Tc (computed)Tj 394.0001 0 TD (quic)Tj 147.9999 0 TD (kly)Tj 104 0 TD (.)Tj /T16 1 Tf 93 0 TD (Bcrypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 249 0 TD ('s)Tj 95 0 TD (cost)Tj 183 0 TD (can)Tj 163 0 TD 2 Tc (be)Tj 123.9999 0 TD 0 Tc (made)Tj 233.0002 0 TD (as)Tj -1786.0001 99 TD [(high)-27000(as)-26000(tolerable)-25000(b)]TJ 669.0001 0 TD [(y)-27000(legitimate)-27000(users,)-26000(rendering)-25000(dic-)]TJ -669.0001 100 TD [(tionary)-27000(attac)]TJ 472.0001 0 TD [(ks)-26000(impractically)-27000(slo)]TJ 699.9999 0 TD (w.)Tj /T6 1 Tf -1172 315.0001 TD (6.2.1)Tj 292.0001 0 TD [(Salt)-32000(Collisions)]TJ /T17 1 Tf -292.0001 253 TD (A)Tj /T16 1 Tf 98.0001 0 TD (salt)Tj 162.9999 0 TD (c)Tj 34.0001 0 TD [(ol)-4000(lision)]TJ /T17 1 Tf 305.0001 0 TD [(o)-2000(ccurs)]TJ 264.9999 0 TD (when)Tj 225 0 TD (t)Tj 30 0 TD (w)Tj 57.9999 0 TD (o)Tj 78.0002 0 TD (passw)Tj 212 0 TD (ord)Tj 154 0 TD [(enco)-2000(d-)]TJ -1622.0001 100 TD [(ings)-31000(use)-31000(the)-31000(same)-31000(salt.)]TJ 880 0 TD (Ideally)Tj 238.0001 0 TD [(,)-32000(there)-31000(should)-31000(b)-2000(e)-31000(no)]TJ /T16 1 Tf -1118.0001 100 TD (salt)Tj 165 0 TD (c)Tj 34 0 TD [(ol)-4000(lisions)]TJ /T17 1 Tf 295.0001 0 TD (|the)Tj 238.9999 0 TD (salts)Tj 202 0 TD (of)Tj 106 0 TD (di\013eren)Tj 267.9999 0 TD (t)Tj 70.0001 0 TD (passw)Tj 211.9999 0 TD (ord)Tj 158.0002 0 TD (en-)Tj -1749.0001 99 TD [(co)-2000(dings)]TJ 313.0001 0 TD (should)Tj 278.9999 0 TD 2 Tc (be)Tj 128 0 TD 0 Tc (di\013eren)Tj 268 0 TD (t)Tj 76 0 TD (ev)Tj 79.0001 0 TD (en)Tj 125 0 TD (across)Tj 261 0 TD (passw)Tj 211.9998 0 TD (ord)Tj -1740.9999 100 TD (\014les.)Tj 204.0001 0 TD [(Because)-29000(traditional)]TJ /T16 1 Tf 731.9999 0 TD (crypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 221 0 TD [(uses)-29000(only)-29000(4,096)-28000(dif-)]TJ -1157 99 TD (feren)Tj 176.0001 0 TD (t)Tj 75.9999 0 TD (salts,)Tj 234 0 TD (it)Tj 99 0 TD (leads)Tj 225 0 TD (to)Tj 118 0 TD (man)Tj 155 0 TD (y)Tj 88 0 TD (collisions,)Tj 394.9999 0 TD (as)Tj 118 0 TD (illus-)Tj -1683.9999 100 TD [(trated)-29000(in)-30000(Figure)-28000(4.)]TJ 720 0 TD (T)Tj 53 0 TD [(o)-29000(optimize)-29000(dictionary)-28000(attac)]TJ 988.0001 0 TD (ks,)Tj -1761.0001 100 TD [(an)-26000(attac)]TJ 297.0001 0 TD (k)Tj 41.9999 0 TD [(er)-25000(can)-26000(group)-25000(encrypted)-26000(passw)]TJ 1076 0 TD [(ords)-24000(b)]TJ 222.0001 0 TD [(y)-26000(salt,)]TJ -1637.0001 99.0001 TD (and)Tj 174 0 TD (hash)Tj 206 0 TD (eac)Tj 114.0001 0 TD (h)Tj 84.9999 0 TD (candidate)Tj 390 0 TD (passw)Tj 212.0001 0 TD (ord)Tj 158.9999 0 TD (from)Tj 208.0001 0 TD (a)Tj 81 0 TD (dictio-)Tj -1629.0001 100 TD [(nary)-27000(only)-28000(once)-27000(p)-2000(e)0(r)-28000(salt.)]TJ 901 0 TD [(The)-28000(resulting)-27000(sp)-2000(eedup)-28000(can)]TJ 1109.0001 -3657 TD [(roughly)-26000(b)-2000(e)-28000(determined)-28000(as)]TJ 538 158 TD (n)Tj 44 0 TD (um)Tj 113 0 TD [(b)-2000(e)0(r)-28000(o)0(f)-27000(passw)]TJ 452 0 TD (ords)Tj ET q 106.44 0 0 -0.48 370.188 514.608 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT 0.12 0 0 -0.12 370.2 504.9 Tm (n)Tj 44 0 TD (um)Tj 113 0 TD [(b)-2000(e)0(r)-27000(o)0(f)-28000(di\013eren)]TJ 507.9998 0 TD [(t)-28000(salts)]TJ /T15 1 Tf 232.0002 -57.0005 TD (:)Tj /T17 1 Tf -1372 298.0002 TD [(If)-32000(salts)-30000(are)-31000(generated)-30000(with)-32000(a)-30000(g)0(o)-2000(o)-2000(d)-31000(random)-30000(n)]TJ 1629 0 TD (um)Tj 112.9995 0 TD 2 Tc [(be)2000(r)]TJ -1741.9995 100 TD 0 Tc [(generator,)-21000(the)-23000(exp)-2000(ected)-23000(n)]TJ 911 0 TD (um)Tj 113 0 TD [(b)-2000(e)0(r)-22000(o)0(f)-22000(di\013eren)]TJ 497 0 TD [(t)-23000(salts)-22000(for)]TJ /T15 1 Tf -1521 99 TD (n)Tj /T17 1 Tf 77.9998 0 TD (passw)Tj 212.0002 0 TD [(ord)-25000(en)]TJ 226.9998 0 TD [(tries)-27000(with)]TJ /T15 1 Tf 374 0 TD (s)Tj /T17 1 Tf 67.0002 0 TD [(p)-2000(ossible)-27000(salts)-27000(is)]TJ /T15 1 Tf -840.0002 433.0002 TD 5 Tc (EV)Tj /T17 1 Tf 133.0002 0 TD 0 Tc (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 32 0 TD [(n;)-14000(s)]TJ /T17 1 Tf 125.9998 0 TD 24 Tc (\)=)Tj /T14 1 Tf 143.0002 -103.0002 TD 0 Tc (n)Tj /T13 1 Tf 40.9998 0 TD (\000)Tj /T12 1 Tf 52.0002 0 TD (1)Tj /T10 1 Tf -90.0002 25 TD (X)Tj /T14 1 Tf 6.0002 176 TD (i)Tj /T12 1 Tf 22.9998 0 TD (=0)Tj /T10 1 Tf 94 -189.9998 TD (\020)Tj /T15 1 Tf 60.0002 36 TD (s)Tj /T11 1 Tf 57 0 TD (\000)Tj /T17 1 Tf 82.9998 0 TD (1)Tj ET q 21.84 0 0 -0.48 401.748 402.888 cm BI /W 1 /H 1 /BPC 1 /IM true /F [/A85 /Fl] ID 8;UdU#VZ5Y!<<-~> EI Q BT /T15 1 Tf 0.12 0 0 -0.12 410.28 393.3 Tm (s)Tj /T10 1 Tf 121 -149 TD (\021)Tj /T14 1 Tf 49 18 TD (i)Tj /T17 1 Tf 51 74 TD (=)Tj /T15 1 Tf 88 0 TD (s)Tj /T11 1 Tf 57.0002 0 TD (\000)Tj /T17 1 Tf 83 0 TD (\()Tj /T15 1 Tf 31.9998 0 TD (s)Tj /T11 1 Tf 58.0002 0 TD (\000)Tj /T17 1 Tf 83 0 TD (1\))Tj /T14 1 Tf 73.9995 -34.0002 TD (n)Tj /T15 1 Tf 45.0005 34.0002 TD (s)Tj /T12 1 Tf 39 -34.0002 TD (1)Tj /T13 1 Tf 33 0 TD (\000)Tj /T14 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l 280.19 725.204 l 280.971 725.204 l 281.091 725.264 l 282.052 725.264 l 282.112 725.324 l 282.953 725.324 l 283.074 725.384 l 283.254 725.384 l S [0.901 2.704 ]2.704 d 127.7 631.415 m 127.7 631.415 l 129.262 634.96 l 130.824 638.565 l 132.446 642.109 l 134.008 645.654 l 135.57 649.259 l 137.133 652.804 l 138.695 656.409 l 140.257 659.954 l 141.879 663.499 l 143.441 667.104 l 146.566 674.194 l 148.128 677.799 l 149.69 681.344 l 151.312 684.948 l 154.436 692.038 l 155.999 695.643 l 159.123 702.733 l 160.745 706.338 l 162.307 709.883 l 163.869 713.488 l 166.994 720.578 l 168.556 724.182 l 170.178 727.727 l 170.238 727.848 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 6.309 0 0 6.309 147.997 714.81 Tm 0 g 0 Tc 0 Tw (> 2^41)Tj 9.012 0 0 9.012 105.229 651.242 Tm (1000)Tj 0 2.6133 TD (2000)Tj T* (3000)Tj 0 2.6067 TD (4000)Tj 2.2433 -11.2733 TD [(0)-3357(4000)-2607(8000)-2357(12000)]TJ 0 9.012 -9.012 0 93.573 630.449 Tm (Number of different salts)Tj 9.012 0 0 9.012 147.439 612.789 Tm (Number of password file entries)Tj 6.309 0 0 6.309 252.251 714.81 Tm (2^12)Tj 9.012 0 0 9.012 118.747 627.69 Tm (0)Tj /T17 1 Tf 0.12 0 0 -0.12 72 587.94 Tm (Figure)Tj 276.0001 0 TD (4:)Tj 128.9999 0 TD (Distribution)Tj 483 0 TD (of)Tj 108.9999 0 TD [(exp)-2000(ected)]TJ 359.0001 0 TD (di\013eren)Tj 268.0001 0 TD (t)Tj 74 0 TD (salts)Tj -1698.0001 100 TD [(dep)-2000(ending)-31000(on)-31000(the)-31000(salt)-30000(space)-30000(against)-30000(the)-31000(n)]TJ 1532.0001 0 TD (um)Tj 112.9998 0 TD 2 Tc [(be)2000(r)-28000(o)2000(f)]TJ -1644.9999 99 TD 0 Tc (en)Tj 81 0 TD [(tries)-27000(in)-28000(a)-27000(passw)]TJ 563.0001 0 TD [(ord)-26000(\014le.)]TJ /T16 1 Tf -644.0001 266.0005 TD (crypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 183 0 TD (,)Tj 62.0001 0 TD (the)Tj 150.9999 0 TD (result)Tj 240 0 TD (of)Tj 102 0 TD (hashing)Tj 314 0 TD (ev)Tj 79.0001 0 TD (ery)Tj 147.9999 0 TD (dictionary)Tj 403.0001 0 TD (w)Tj 57.9998 0 TD (ord)Tj -1739.9999 99 TD [(under)-23000(ev)]TJ 310.0001 0 TD [(ery)-22000(p)-2000(ossible)-23000(12-bit)-22000(salt)-23000(w)]TJ 889.9999 0 TD [(ould)-22000(\014t)-24000(on)-23000(a)-23000(single)]TJ -1200 100 TD [(9)-27000(G)0(B)-28000(hard)-27000(disk.)]TJ 0 198.9998 TD [(One)-22000(can)-21000(do)-22000(b)-2000(etter,)-23000(ho)]TJ 777 0 TD (w)Tj 58 0 TD (ev)Tj 79 0 TD [(er,)-21000(b)]TJ 158 0 TD [(y)-22000(storing)-20000(less)-22000(than)-22000(the)]TJ -1072 100 TD [(full)-26000(output)-26000(of)]TJ /T16 1 Tf 505 0 TD (crypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 216 0 TD [(in)-26000(a)-25000(database.)]TJ 539 0 TD [(The)-26000(QCrac)]TJ 403.9999 0 TD [(k)-23000([12)]TJ 173.0002 0 TD (])Tj -1837.0001 99.0002 TD (passw)Tj 212 0 TD (ord)Tj 157.0001 0 TD (crac)Tj 147.0001 0 TD (king)Tj 191.9999 0 TD (program)Tj 344 0 TD (tak)Tj 116.0001 0 TD (es)Tj 106.9999 0 TD (exactly)Tj 297.0001 0 TD (this)Tj 172.9998 0 TD (ap-)Tj -1744.9999 100 TD (proac)Tj 198.0001 0 TD [(h.)-32000(QCrac)]TJ 335.9999 0 TD [(k)-17000(precomputes)-19000(a)-18000(database)-18000(of)-19000(common)]TJ -534 100 TD (passw)Tj 212 0 TD (ords)Tj 192.0001 0 TD (hashed)Tj 290.0001 0 TD (under)Tj 249 0 TD (ev)Tj 78.9999 0 TD (ery)Tj 153 0 TD (salt.)Tj 228 0 TD (Rather)Tj 291.0001 0 TD (than)Tj -1694.0001 99 TD [(store)-22000(the)-23000(full)-24000(13)-22000(c)]TJ 619.0001 0 TD [(haracter)-21000(output)-23000(of)]TJ /T16 1 Tf 680 0 TD (crypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 183 0 TD [(,)-25000(i)0(t)-23000(further)]TJ -1482.0001 100 TD (hashes)Tj /T16 1 Tf 263.0001 0 TD (crypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 190.9999 0 TD [('s)-28000(output)-28000(do)]TJ 442 0 TD [(wn)-26000(to)-27000(a)-27000(single)-27000(b)]TJ 576.9999 0 TD (yte.)Tj 173 0 TD (When)Tj -1645.9999 100 TD (crac)Tj 146.9999 0 TD (king)Tj 193.0001 0 TD (a)Tj 82.0001 0 TD (passw)Tj 211.9999 0 TD (ord)Tj 159 0 TD (from)Tj 208 0 TD (the)Tj 156 0 TD (dictionary)Tj 361.0001 0 TD (,)Tj 64.9998 0 TD (QCrac)Tj 235.0002 0 TD (k)Tj -1818.0001 99 TD [(uses)-28000(the)-29000(database)-27000(to)-28000(rule)-29000(out)-28000(255)-27000(of)-29000(ev)]TJ 1414 0 TD [(ery)-27000(256)-27000(can-)]TJ -1414 100 TD [(didate)-26000(passw)]TJ 464 0 TD [(ords)-25000(without)-26000(needing)-26000(to)-27000(compute)-26000(their)]TJ -464 99 TD (hashes.)Tj 333 0 TD (A)Tj 102 0 TD (QCrac)Tj 235 0 TD (k)Tj 82 0 TD (database)Tj 359.0001 0 TD (of)Tj 107 0 TD (the)Tj 154.9999 0 TD (W)Tj 78.0001 0 TD (ebster)Tj 257.9998 0 TD (Dic-)Tj -1708.9999 100 TD [(tionary)-24000(consumes)-24000(only)-24000(670)-23000(MB.)-25000(QCrac)]TJ 1399.0001 0 TD [(k)-23000(could)-24000(store)]TJ -1399.0001 100 TD [(hashes)-20000(of)-21000(appro)]TJ 552 0 TD [(ximately)-19000(2)]TJ /T15 1 Tf 375 0 TD (;)Tj /T17 1 Tf 37 0 TD (350)Tj /T15 1 Tf 126 0 TD (;)Tj /T17 1 Tf 37 0 TD [(000)-18000(w)]TJ 202 0 TD [(ords)-19000(on)-21000(a)-20000(9)-21000(GB)]TJ -1329 98.9998 TD [(hard)-27000(disk.)]TJ /T16 1 Tf 0 200 TD (Bcrypt)Tj /T17 1 Tf 279.0001 0 TD [(has)-28000(a)-29000(large)-27000(enough)-29000(salt)-28000(space)-28000(to)-29000(mak)]TJ 1348.9998 0 TD [(e)-28000(stor-)]TJ -1627.9999 99 TD [(ing)-29000(ev)]TJ 219.0001 0 TD [(en)-29000(one)-29000(bit)-30000(of)-29000(information)-29000(p)-2000(e)0(r)-29000(salt)-29000(completely)]TJ -219.0001 100 TD (in)Tj 67.0001 0 TD (tractable.)Tj 392.9999 0 TD (Moreo)Tj 228 0 TD (v)Tj 42 0 TD [(er,)-30000(the)-31000(algorithm)-30000(mak)]TJ 803.9999 0 TD [(es)-30000(imme-)]TJ -1533.9999 99 TD [(diate)-24000(use)-23000(of)-23000(the)-24000(passw)]TJ 784.0001 0 TD [(ord)-22000(and)-23000(salt)-23000(from)-24000(the)-24000(v)]TJ 827 0 TD [(ery)-22000(b)-2000(e)0(-)]TJ -1611.0001 100 TD (ginning.)Tj 335.0001 0 TD (Th)Tj 103.9999 0 TD [(us,)-31000(b)-2000(efore)-30000(kno)]TJ 515 0 TD [(wing)-29000(a)-30000(target)-29000(passw)]TJ 731.0001 0 TD (ord's)Tj -1685.0001 100.0002 TD [(salt,)-31000(there)-31000(is)-30000(not)-31000(ev)]TJ 716 0 TD [(en)-30000(an)-31000(in)]TJ 299 0 TD [(termediary)-29000(state)-31000(of)-31000(the)]TJ -1015 98.9999 TD [(algorithm)-26000(that)-28000(can)-28000(b)-2000(e)-28000(usefully)-27000(precomputed.)]TJ /T6 1 Tf 0 316.0001 TD (6.2.3)Tj 292.0001 0 TD [(Algorithm)-29000(Optimization)]TJ /T17 1 Tf -292.0001 253 TD [(Since)-31000(a)-31000(guessing)-29000(attac)]TJ 807 0 TD [(k)-30000(o)0(n)-31000(a)-31000(passw)]TJ 478 0 TD [(ord)-29000(function)-31000(in-)]TJ -1285 98.9999 TD (v)Tj 42.0001 0 TD (olv)Tj 106.9999 0 TD [(es)-29000(rep)-2000(eated)-29000(ev)]TJ 516 0 TD [(aluation)-30000(of)-30000(the)-31000(function,)-31000(an)]TJ 1005.9999 0 TD [(y)-30000(op-)]TJ -1670.9999 100 TD (timization)Tj 407.0001 0 TD (of)Tj 103.9999 0 TD (the)Tj 153 0 TD (function)Tj 335.0001 0 TD (will)Tj 166.9999 0 TD (reduce)Tj 273 0 TD (the)Tj 153.0001 0 TD (compu-)Tj -1592.0001 99 TD [(tational)-30000(cost)-30000(of)-30000(an)-30000(attac)]TJ 884 0 TD [(k,)-31000(making)-30000(the)-30000(attac)]TJ 722.0001 0 TD [(k)-30000(more)]TJ -1606.0001 100 TD (practical.)Tj 0 199.0001 TD [(Biham)-31000(recen)]TJ 458 0 TD [(tly)-30000(disco)]TJ 308 0 TD (v)Tj 42 0 TD [(ered)-28000(a)-31000(notable)-30000(soft)]TJ 682.0001 0 TD (w)Tj 58 0 TD 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