Research reported in this publication was supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD087384). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not represent the official views of NIH. Additional support was provided by the US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation; Andrew and Julie Klingenstein Family Fund; Annie E. Casey Foundation; Arnold Ventures; Arrow Impact; BCBS of Louisiana Foundation; Bezos Family Foundation, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Bill Hammack and Janice Parmelee, Brady Education Fund; Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (Silicon Valley Community Foundation); Charles and Lynn Schusterman Family Philanthropies; Child Welfare Fund; Esther A. and Joseph Klingenstein Fund; Ford Foundation; Greater New Orleans Foundation; Heising-Simons Foundation; Holland Foundation; Jacobs Foundation; JPB Foundation; J-PAL North America; Lozier Foundation; NYC Mayor's Office for Economic Opportunity; Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research-Office of the Director, NIH; Perigee Fund; Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; Robin Hood Foundation; Sherwood Foundation; Valhalla Foundation; Weitz Family Foundation; W.K. Kellogg Foundation; and three anonymous donors. We thank the University of Michigan Survey Research Center for their outstanding work on study recruitment, data collection, and outreach. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.