Data availability
The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center program funded by POSCO, the Samsung Research Funding and Incubation Center for Future Technology (grant nos. SRFC-IT1901-52 and SRFC-IT2401-01) funded by Samsung Electronics, the National Research Foundation (grant nos. RS-2020-NR049544, RS-2022-NR067559, RS-2024-00356928, RS-2024-00462912, RS-2024-00337012, RS-2024-00408286, RS-2024-00416272 and RS-2025-02217649) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT of the Korean government, and the Korea Planning and Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (grant no. 1415185027/20019169; Alchemist project) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of the Korean government. This research was also supported by a Korean ARPA-H Project grant through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute, funded by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant no. RS-2025-25454431). I.K. acknowledges the NRF Sejong Science Fellowship (grant no. RS-2021-NR061797) funded by the MSIT of the Korean government. Y.P. and J.K. acknowledge the Presidential Science fellowship funded by the MSIT of the Korean government. J.K. acknowledges the Asan Foundation Biomedical Science fellowship, and Presidential Sejong Science fellowship (RS-2026-25497644) funded by the MSIT of the Korean government. K.K. acknowledges the NRF Ph.D. fellowship (grant no. RS-2025-25436773) funded by the Ministry of Education of the Korean government.
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Nature thanks L. Jay Guo who co-reviewed with Wei-Kuan Lin; and the other, anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available.
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Extended data figures and tables
Extended Data Fig. 1 Master stamp (300-mm wafer) and corresponding flexible replica mould.
(a) Photograph of the 300-mm wafer master stamp. (b, c) SEM images of the as-fabricated master stamp. (d) Photograph of the corresponding flexible replica mould. (e, f) SEM images of the as-fabricated replica mould.
Extended Data Fig. 2 Durability test of the polymer replica mould.
(a.i–d.vi) SEM images of the replica mould: (a.i) before R2R imprinting, (b.ii) after 10 m, (c.iv) after 100 m, and (d.vi) after 200 m of R2R imprinting. (b.iii–d.vii) Corresponding SEM images of the imprinted resin structures: (b.iii) after 10 m, (c.v) after 100 m, and (d.vii) after 200 m of R2R imprinting.
Extended Data Fig. 3 R2R imprinted metalens structures at different positions along 200 m-long PET substrate.
(a-e) SEM images (top and tilted) at different positions of R2R-imprinted metalenses taken at (a. i-iii) 10 m, (b. iv-vi) 100 m, and (c. vii-ix) 200 m.
Extended Data Fig. 4 Intensity profiles and modulation transfer function analysis of the fabricated metalens.
(a) Cross-sectional intensity profiles along the x-axis at the focal plane (solid lines) compared with simulated results (dashed lines) for each wavelength. (b) Modulation transfer function (MTF) analysis showing the spatial frequency response of the fabricated metalens (solid lines) and theoretical design (dashed lines) at different wavelengths.
Extended Data Fig. 5 Imaging results of the fabricated metalens using a USAF resolution target under RGB illumination.
Imaging results of the fabricated metalens using a negative 1951 USAF resolution target under (a) 450 nm, (b) 532 nm, and (c) 635 nm illumination, where all elements from groups 6 and 7 are imaged.
Supplementary information
Supplementary Information (download PDF )
Supplementary Notes 1–9, Figs. 1–9, Table 1 and references. The materials provide detailed descriptions of the roll-to-roll manufacturing platform, design principles of visible metalenses, process optimization, extended structural characterization and comparative analysis with related works
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Supplementary Video 1 (download MP4 )
Operation of roll-to-roll manufacturing of the metalens. This video demonstrates the continuous roll-to-roll manufacturing process of metalens in real time, followed by rewinding of high-volume imprinted products showing vivid structural colours under white-light illumination
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Hoang, T., Park, Y., Kim, J. et al. 300-unit-per-second roll-to-roll manufacturing of visible metalenses. Nature 652, 1188–1194 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10369-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10369-y