References
Hu K, Staiano AE. Trends in Obesity Prevalence Among Children and Adolescents Aged 2 to 19 Years in the US From 2011 to 2020. JAMA Pediatr. 2022;176:1037–9.
Weihrauch-Blüher S, Schwarz P, Klusmann JH. Childhood obesity: increased risk for cardiometabolic disease and cancer in adulthood. Metabolism. 2019;92:147–52.
Drozdz D, Alvarez-Pitti J, Wójcik M, Borghi C, Gabbianelli R, Mazur A, et al. Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: From Childhood to Adulthood. Nutrients. 2021;13.
Colquitt JL, Loveman E, O’Malley C, Azevedo LB, Mead E, Al-Khudairy L, et al. Diet, physical activity, and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obesity in preschool children up to the age of 6 years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3:Cd012105.
Mead E, Brown T, Rees K, Azevedo LB, Whittaker V, Jones D, et al. Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese children from the age of 6 to 11 years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6:Cd012651.
Al-Khudairy L, Loveman E, Colquitt JL, Mead E, Johnson RE, Fraser H, et al. Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6:Cd012691.
Grossman DC, Bibbins-Domingo K, Curry SJ, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, et al. Screening for Obesity in Children and Adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Jama. 2017;317:2417–26.
Cho I, Blaser MJ. The human microbiome: at the interface of health and disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2012;13:260–70.
Vallianou N, Dalamaga M, Stratigou T, Karampela I, Tsigalou C. Do antibiotics cause obesity through long-term alterations in the gut microbiome? A review of current evidence. Curr Obes Rep. 2021;10:244–62.
Rinninella E, Raoul P, Cintoni M, Franceschi F, Miggiano GAD, Gasbarrini A, et al. What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? A changing ecosystem across age, environment, diet, and diseases. Microorganisms. 2019;7:14.
Wilkins AT, Reimer RA. Obesity, Early Life Gut Microbiota, and Antibiotics. Microorganisms. 2021;9.
Khan MJ, Gerasimidis K, Edwards CA, Shaikh MG. Role of gut microbiota in the aetiology of obesity: proposed mechanisms and review of the literature. J Obes. 2016;2016:7353642.
Cox LM, Yamanishi S, Sohn J, Alekseyenko AV, Leung JM, Cho I, et al. Altering the intestinal microbiota during a critical developmental window has lasting metabolic consequences. Cell. 2014;158:705–21.
Shao X, Ding X, Wang B, Li L, An X, Yao Q, et al. Antibiotic Exposure in Early Life Increases Risk of Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Endocrinol ((Lausanne)). 2017;8:170.
Rasmussen SH, Shrestha S, Bjerregaard LG, Ängquist LH, Baker JL, Jess T, et al. Antibiotic exposure in early life and childhood overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diab Obes Metab. 2018;20:1508–14.
Meng X, Zhu Y, Di H, Zhang M, Feng J, Xu M, et al. Dose-response association of early-life antibiotic exposure and subsequent overweight or obesity in children: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Obes Rev. 2021;22:e13321.
Rifas-Shiman SL, Bailey LC, Lunsford D, Daley MF, Eneli I, Finkelstein J, et al. Early life antibiotic prescriptions and weight outcomes in children 10 years of age. Academic Pediatrics. 2021;21:297–303.
Prevention CFDCa. CDC Extended BMI-for-Age Growth Charts for Children and Adolescents 2022 Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/growthcharts/extended-growth-charts.html.
Fryar CD, Kruszon-Moran D, Gu Q, Carroll M, Ogden CL Mean body weight, height, waist circumference, and body mass index among children and adolescents: United States, 1999–2018. 2021.
Gerber JS, Bryan M, Ross RK, Daymont C, Parks EP, Localio AR, et al. Antibiotic exposure during the first 6 months of life and weight gain during childhood. Jama. 2016;315:1258–65.
Leong KSW, McLay J, Derraik JGB, Gibb S, Shackleton N, Taylor RW, et al. Associations of prenatal and childhood antibiotic exposure with obesity at age 4 years. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e1919681.
Wan S, Guo M, Zhang T, Chen Q, Wu M, Teng F, et al. Impact of exposure to antibiotics during pregnancy and infancy on childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes (Silver Spring). 2020;28:793–802.
Kaur H, Choi WS, Mayo MS, Harris KJ. Duration of television watching is associated with increased body mass index. J Pediatr. 2003;143:506–11.
Park YJ, Chang J, Lee G, Son JS, Park SM. Association of class number, cumulative exposure, and earlier initiation of antibiotics during the first two-years of life with subsequent childhood obesity. Metabolism. 2020;112:154348.
Sturød K, Dhariwal A, Dahle UR, Vestrheim DF, Petersen FC. Impact of narrow-spectrum penicillin V on the oral and faecal resistome in a young child treated for otitis media. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020;20:290–7.
Cantarutti A, Rescigno P, Da Borso C, Gutierrez de Rubalcava Doblas J, Bressan S, Barbieri E, et al. Association between early-life exposure to antibiotics and development of child obesity: population-based study in Italy. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2024;10:e51734.
Lugli GA, Mancabelli L, Milani C, Fontana F, Tarracchini C, Alessandri G, et al. Comprehensive insights from composition to functional microbe-based biodiversity of the infant human gut microbiota. npj Biofilms Microbiomes. 2023;9:25.
Gu H, Tao E, Fan Y, Long G, Jia X, Yuan T, et al. Effect of β-lactam antibiotics on the gut microbiota of term neonates. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrobials. 2024;23:69.
Li P, Chang X, Chen X, Wang C, Shang Y, Zheng D, et al. Early-life antibiotic exposure increases the risk of childhood overweight and obesity in relation to dysbiosis of gut microbiota: a birth cohort study. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrobials. 2022;21:46.
Bailey LC, Forrest CB, Zhang P, Richards TM, Livshits A, DeRusso PA. Association of antibiotics in infancy with early childhood obesity. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168:1063–9.
Ohler AM, Braddock A. Infections and antibiotic use in early life, and obesity in early childhood: a mediation analysis. Int J Obes. 2022;46:1608–14.
Li DK, Chen H, Ferber J, Odouli R. Infection and antibiotic use in infancy and risk of childhood obesity: a longitudinal birth cohort study. Lancet Diab Endocrinol. 2017;5:18–25.
Wang Y-Q, Zhang Y, Tang W-F, Luo Z-C, Zhang Y-T, Yan C-h, et al. Environmental antibiotics exposure and childhood obesity: A cross-sectional case-control study. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2024;277:116339.
Zhou J, Zeng L, Wang D, Li C, Liu Y, Yan H, et al. Effects of birth weight on body composition and overweight/obesity at early school age. Clin Nutr. 2020;39:1778–84.
Zhao Y, Wang SF, Mu M, Sheng J. Birth weight and overweight/obesity in adults: a meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171:1737–46.
Schellong K, Schulz S, Harder T, Plagemann A. Birth weight and long-term overweight risk: systematic review and a meta-analysis including 643,902 persons from 66 studies and 26 countries globally. PLoS One. 2012;7:e47776.