Who pays for the AI power boom?

As America's AI boom drives a massive buildout of electricity infrastructure, policymakers increasingly want technology companies — not everyday electricity customers — to shoulder more of the costs.

Why it matters: Decisions being made now about who pays for new power infrastructure could affect Americans' electricity bills for years to come.

How it works: Data centers are currently paying for the electricity they consume and generally must cover the costs of connecting to the grid. But the rules get murkier when it comes to building new power plants and upgrading the broader electric system.

• Those costs can be spread among customers, potentially raising household electricity bills.

• Under longstanding federal rules, data centers and other large power users generally don't have to pay both for their share of the existing grid and the new transmission infrastructure built to serve them.

State of play: More than half of states have taken or considered steps to protect residential customers, including special electricity rates and requirements that data centers pay for infrastructure built on their behalf.

Friction point: Data centers are becoming a major political issue as costs climb and communities push back against paying for the industry's expansion.

• The issue is surfacing in key midterm races, with candidates in both parties calling for stronger protections against higher power bills.

What's next: Congress is considering bipartisan legislation that would require large data centers to cover more infrastructure costs — even if projects are canceled.

The bottom line: Who ultimately pays depends on where a data center is built, how its utility charges customers and whether new protections take effect.