Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2023

Overview

Welcome to the 2023 Developer Survey! For 13 years, we've delivered industry-leading insights regarding the developer community.

This is the voice of the developer. Analysts, IT leaders, reporters, and other developers turn to this report to stay up to date with the evolving developer experience, technologies that are rising or falling in favor, and to understand where tech might be going next.

This year, we went deep into AI/ML to capture how developers are thinking about it and using it in their workflows. Stack Overflow is investing heavily in enhancing the developer experience across our products, using AI and other technology, to get people to solutions faster. Stack Overflow Labs is where we're sharing all we're doing - check it out for a deep dive on AI/ML insights as well as see what we're experimenting with so far.

Happy reading!

Developer Profile
Learning to code

Learning to code from online resources increased from 70% to 80% since the 2022 survey.

Respondents 18 and under are those most frequently selecting online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forums) to learn from. Respondents 25 - 34 were the top age cohort to have learned from online courses or certifications (52%) but still learn more from traditional school (55%).

Learning how to code →

Technology
Most popular technologies

This year, Docker is the top-used other tool amongst all respondents (53%) rising from its second place spot last year.

People learning to code are more likely to be using npm or Pip than Docker (50% and 37% respectively vs. 26%). Both are used alongside languages that are popular with students (JavaScript and Python respectively).

Other tools →

Technology
Most popular technologies

Why complicate it? Jira and Confluence are the top two async tools amongst all developers similar to last year, but this year a new addition to the list broke top three: 27% of respondents use markdown files as an async tool.

People who are learning to code are using GitHub Discussions more than markdown files (31% vs. 29%) and turn to Notion (26%) and Trello (23%) more than professional developers.

Asynchronous tools →

Technology
Admired and Desired

Rust is the most admired language, more than 80% of developers that use it want to use it again next year. Compare this to the least admired language: MATLAB. Less than 20% of developers who used this language want to use it again next year.

Programming, scripting, and markup languages →

Technology
Admired and Desired

Phoenix is the most admired web framework and technology; more developers would choose to work with Phoenix again than those who have used the three most common: React, Node.js, and Next.js.

Web frameworks and technologies →

Technology
Admired and Desired

More respondents want to continue using Cargo next year than the top competitors (top 6 tools that respondents want to use next year), however, Docker has almost double the proportion of respondents that want to use it next year compared to all other options.

Other tools →

Technology
Worked with vs. want to work with

42% of ChatGPT users want to use Google Bard or Bing AI next year. These users are enjoying their experience: 79% want to use ChatGPT again next year.

AI Search Tools →

Technology
Top paying technologies

Zig is the highest-paid language to know this year (a new addition), while Clojure gets knocked from the top spot with a 10% decrease from 2022.

Dart and SAS saw the highest increase in median pay during 2023, growing more than 20% year-over-year.

Top paying technologies →

AI
Sentiment and usage

70% of all respondents are using or are planning to use AI tools in their development process this year. Those learning to code are more likely than professional developers to be using or use AI tools (82% vs. 70%).

AI tools in the development process →

Work
Employment

For all respondents this year we see a slight increase in “Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed” and equal-sized decrease in full-time students (1 percentage point) compared to last year and other employment status' changing less than that.

The costs of investing in oneself has risen with inflation in 2023 but not enough to sway many from the opportunity to level up their developer skills.

Employment status →

Work
Employment

Hybrid is here to stay for larger organizations; over half of employees in 5,000+ organizations are hybrid. The smaller organizations are most likely to be in-person, with one out of five organizations with fewer than 20 people report being in-person.

More developers this year are working in-person this year than last year (+2%). Return to office initiatives aside, coding easily lends itself to fully remote work and one third or more of all organization sizes are still fully remote.

Work environment →

Professional Developers
Productivity impacts

63% of all respondents spend more than 30 minutes a day searching for answers or solutions to problems. People managers are more likely to spend less time searching than individual contributors (42% vs. 36% spend 30 minutes or less).

Daily time spent searching for answers/solutions →

Developer Profile

What we know about the global community of developers

Developer Profile

Education

Most developers (84%) have a post-secondary education, having some college or more.

Educational attainment

Most professional developers have attained a Bachelor's degree (47%) with a quarter attaining a Master's degree (26%).

For the developers who are learning to code, more than half are between 18-24 years old, so it makes sense that they are more likely to not have a Bachelor's degree. They are likely still in school.

89,184 responses

Primary/elementary school	2.14% 1,905
Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.)	9.98% 8,897
Some college/university study without earning a degree	13.18% 11,753
Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.)	3.15% 2,807
Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.)	41.16% 36,706
Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.)	23.03% 20,543
Professional degree (JD, MD, Ph.D, Ed.D, etc.)	4.36% 3,887
Something else	1.65% 1,475

% Percentages # Responses

Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *

67,237 responses

Primary/elementary school	0.71% 478
Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.)	5.87% 3,949
Some college/university study without earning a degree	12.55% 8,437
Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.)	3.27% 2,201
Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.)	46.85% 31,498
Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.)	25.62% 17,223
Professional degree (JD, MD, Ph.D, Ed.D, etc.)	3.85% 2,590
Something else	1.28% 861

% Percentages # Responses

Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *

4,961 responses

Primary/elementary school	7.54% 374
Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.)	31.79% 1,577
Some college/university study without earning a degree	21.81% 1,082
Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.)	3.53% 175
Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.)	24.29% 1,205
Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.)	6.11% 303
Professional degree (JD, MD, Ph.D, Ed.D, etc.)	1.17% 58
Something else	3.77% 187

% Percentages # Responses

Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *

4,961 responses

Primary/elementary school	6.8% 351
Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.)	21.55% 1,112
Some college/university study without earning a degree	13.06% 674
Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.)	2.81% 145
Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.)	24.77% 1,278
Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.)	20.45% 1,055
Professional degree (JD, MD, Ph.D, Ed.D, etc.)	7.75% 400
Something else	2.79% 144

% Percentages # Responses

Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *

Developer Profile

Learning to code

There are as many ways to learn to code as there are coders. Developers use a variety of tools and resources to build their skills.

Learning how to code

Learning to code from online resources increased from 70% to 80% since the 2022 survey.

87,663 responses

Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum)	80.13% 70,244
Books / Physical media	51.8% 45,406
School (i.e., University, College, etc)	50.14% 43,957
Online Courses or Certification	49.28% 43,201
On the job training	46.06% 40,380
Colleague	23.41% 20,523
Friend or family member	11.33% 9,936
Coding Bootcamp	9.81% 8,602
Hackathons (virtual or in-person)	8.02% 7,033

% Percentages # Responses

How do you learn to code? Select all that apply.

4,947 responses

Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum)	79.14% 3,915
Online Courses or Certification	58.9% 2,914
School (i.e., University, College, etc)	52.05% 2,575
Books / Physical media	38.31% 1,895
Coding Bootcamp	19.83% 981
Friend or family member	16.01% 792
On the job training	11.32% 560
Colleague	11.2% 554
Hackathons (virtual or in-person)	8.67% 429

% Percentages # Responses

How do you learn to code? Select all that apply.

86,688 responses

	Under 18 years old
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum)	88.34% 3,469
Online Courses or Certification	39.5% 1,551
School (i.e., University, College, etc)	34.22% 1,344
Books / Physical media	36.13% 1,419
Coding Bootcamp	10.36% 407
Friend or family member	19.33% 759
On the job training	6.44% 253
Colleague	4.02% 158
Hackathons (virtual or in-person)	8.51% 334
	18-24 years old
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum)	84.15% 14,727
Online Courses or Certification	47.89% 8,381
School (i.e., University, College, etc)	62.05% 10,860
Books / Physical media	37.64% 6,588
Coding Bootcamp	11.25% 1,969
Friend or family member	14.34% 2,510
On the job training	32.17% 5,630
Colleague	17.31% 3,030
Hackathons (virtual or in-person)	10.86% 1,901
	25-34 years old
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum)	79.9% 26,102
Online Courses or Certification	51.98% 16,980
School (i.e., University, College, etc)	55.01% 17,970
Books / Physical media	48.27% 15,770
Coding Bootcamp	10.65% 3,478
Friend or family member	11.25% 3,674
On the job training	51.37% 16,781
Colleague	26.73% 8,734
Hackathons (virtual or in-person)	8.74% 2,855
	35-44 years old
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum)	80.39% 16,139
Online Courses or Certification	51.42% 10,323
School (i.e., University, College, etc)	44.34% 8,901
Books / Physical media	61.12% 12,269
Coding Bootcamp	9.08% 1,822
Friend or family member	10.34% 2,075
On the job training	53.85% 10,810
Colleague	27.87% 5,595
Hackathons (virtual or in-person)	6.94% 1,394
	45-54 years old
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum)	79.46% 6,445
Online Courses or Certification	48.53% 3,936
School (i.e., University, College, etc)	37.36% 3,030
Books / Physical media	71.35% 5,787
Coding Bootcamp	7.24% 587
Friend or family member	7.72% 626
On the job training	54.86% 4,450
Colleague	25.41% 2,061
Hackathons (virtual or in-person)	4.88% 396
	55-64 years old
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum)	73.91% 2,430
Online Courses or Certification	45.95% 1,511
School (i.e., University, College, etc)	38.93% 1,280
Books / Physical media	77.07% 2,534
Coding Bootcamp	7.51% 247
Friend or family member	5.47% 180
On the job training	55.2% 1,815
Colleague	21.93% 721
Hackathons (virtual or in-person)	3.22% 106
	65 years or older
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum)	63.83% 713
Online Courses or Certification	36.26% 405
School (i.e., University, College, etc)	40.29% 450
Books / Physical media	80.04% 894
Coding Bootcamp	5.73% 64
Friend or family member	4.74% 53
On the job training	50.4% 563
Colleague	16.03% 179
Hackathons (virtual or in-person)	1.79% 20

% Percentages # Responses

How do you learn to code? Select all that apply.

Online resources to learn how to code

Like previous years, technical documentation and Stack Overflow are the top online resources people use when learning to code, with blogs rounding out the top three. Well-written documentation, an active community providing solutions, and regular posts are the trifecta of enabling people to teach themselves about a technology.

Developers see value in a variety of other resources like how-to videos, written tutorials, books, forums—they piece together the resources and formats that work best for their learning style.

70,084 responses

Technical documentation	90.36% 63,329
Stack Overflow	82.56% 57,861
Blogs	76.69% 53,745
How-to videos	60.14% 42,149
Written Tutorials	59.95% 42,012
Video-based Online Courses	49.41% 34,629
Online books	43.42% 30,432
Online forum	42.49% 29,780
Written-based Online Courses	36.11% 25,309
Coding sessions (live or recorded)	28.09% 19,690
Interactive tutorial	26.03% 18,242
Online challenges (e.g., daily or weekly coding challenges)	22.18% 15,544
Certification videos	13.31% 9,326
Auditory material (e.g., podcasts)	7.95% 5,571
Games that teach programming	5.89% 4,131

% Percentages # Responses

What online resources do you use to learn to code? Select all that apply.

Online course platforms to learn how to code

Udemy maintains its place as the most popular online course or certification program for learning how to code.

37,076 responses

Udemy	65.53% 24,296
Coursera	34.62% 12,836
Codecademy	24.31% 9,015
Pluralsight	22.83% 8,463
edX	14.93% 5,536
Udacity	10.77% 3,992
Skillsoft	2.03% 754

% Percentages # Responses

What online courses or certifications do you use to learn to code? Select all that apply.

Developer Profile

Experience

The majority of developers are in their early to mid-career stage.

Years coding

48% of respondents have been coding for less than ten years.

Australia and the United Kingdom respondents are the most experienced, with an average of 17.5 and 17 years of experience coding respectively.

87,435 responses

Less than 1 year	1.11% 968
1 to 4 years	14.7% 12,855
5 to 9 years	26.44% 23,117
10 to 14 years	19.89% 17,390
15 to 19 years	11.71% 10,238
20 to 24 years	9.47% 8,278
25 to 29 years	5.88% 5,140
30 to 34 years	4.14% 3,623
35 to 39 years	2.71% 2,369
40 to 44 years	2.63% 2,301
45 to 49 years	0.78% 678
More than 50 years	0.55% 478

% Percentages # Responses

Including any education, how many years have you been coding in total?

52,244 responses

Australia	17.54 2,037
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	16.98 5,447
United States of America	16.49 18,264
Canada	15.42 3,445
Netherlands	15.42 2,362
Germany	14.71 7,265
France	13.82 2,906
Brazil	12.79 2,014
Poland	12.03 2,405
India	7.79 5,361

Average Years Coding # Responses

Including any education, how many years have you been coding in total?

Years coding professionally

A majority of respondents (71%) have been working for 14 or fewer years as professional developers, and 24% have worked 15 to 29 years. This shows developers in the survey have started to skew more experienced compared to last year where 75% worked 14 or less years and 20% 15-29 years.

66,136 responses

Less than 1 year	2.78% 1,836
1 to 4 years	23.3% 15,408
5 to 9 years	26.53% 17,545
10 to 14 years	18.07% 11,951
15 to 19 years	10.7% 7,074
20 to 24 years	8.22% 5,435
25 to 29 years	4.63% 3,059
30 to 34 years	2.79% 1,845
35 to 39 years	1.63% 1,075
40 to 44 years	0.9% 598
45 to 49 years	0.31% 203
More than 50 years	0.16% 107

% Percentages # Responses

NOT including education, how many years have you coded professionally (as a part of your work)?

Years of professional coding experience by developer type

Senior executives have the highest average years of professional coding experience (17.4), followed by desktop or enterprise applications developers (16.4) and educators (15.8).

66,136 responses

Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.)	17.43 1,247
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications	16.4 3,471
Educator	15.78 277
Database administrator	15.6 214
Developer Advocate	15.35 189
Engineering manager	15.14 1,948
Product manager	14.94 389
Project manager	14.6 463
Research & Development role	14.3 1,174
Designer	14.23 190
Scientist	12.77 282
Developer Experience	12.7 287
Developer, embedded applications or devices	12.69 1,603
System administrator	12.27 495
Marketing or sales professional	12.04 78
DevOps specialist	11.04 1,210
Security professional	11.03 367
Cloud infrastructure engineer	10.97 939
Engineer, site reliability	10.97 384
Hardware Engineer	10.92 226
Developer, full-stack	10.84 22,216
Developer, back-end	10.77 12,208
Developer, game or graphics	10.38 670
Academic researcher	10.36 874
Data or business analyst	10.02 602
Engineer, data	9.67 1,094
Developer, mobile	9.6 2,225
Blockchain	9.01 255
Developer, QA or test	8.78 483
Developer, front-end	8.03 4,104
Data scientist or machine learning specialist	7.89 1,282
Student	2.82 28

Average Years Coding Professional # Responses

NOT including education, how many years have you coded professionally (as a part of your work)?

Developer Profile

Developer roles

Few developers consider themselves to be a single developer type and instead showcase a diversity of skills.

Developer type

Full-stack, back-end, front-end, and desktop/enterprise app developers continue to account for the majority of all respondents. We asked about developer advocates for the first time this year—almost .3% classify themselves as this type of developer.

76,872 responses

Developer, full-stack	33.48% 25,735
Developer, back-end	17.88% 13,745
Developer, front-end	6.6% 5,071
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications	5.08% 3,904
Developer, mobile	3.38% 2,597
Engineering manager	2.64% 2,033
Student	2.6% 1,996
Developer, embedded applications or devices	2.4% 1,845
Data scientist or machine learning specialist	2.07% 1,588
DevOps specialist	1.8% 1,387
Academic researcher	1.76% 1,354
Research & Development role	1.76% 1,353
Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.)	1.73% 1,332
Engineer, data	1.62% 1,248
Cloud infrastructure engineer	1.35% 1,036
Developer, game or graphics	1.13% 866
Data or business analyst	1.09% 837
System administrator	0.97% 743
Project manager	0.77% 589
Developer, QA or test	0.76% 586
Security professional	0.62% 474
Product manager	0.58% 446
Engineer, site reliability	0.56% 427
Educator	0.54% 415
Scientist	0.46% 351
Developer Experience	0.42% 326
Blockchain	0.42% 323
Hardware Engineer	0.37% 286
Designer	0.37% 281
Database administrator	0.33% 257
Developer Advocate	0.28% 212
Marketing or sales professional	0.19% 149

% Percentages # Responses

Which of the following describes your current job, the one you do most of the time? Please select only one.

Developer Profile

Key territories

Across the world, developers and technologists turn to Stack Overflow to gain and share knowledge. Our survey received responses from almost every country on Earth.

Geography

The United States and Germany provided the highest volume of survey responses (30% combined), followed by India and UKI (UK and Northern Ireland).

The top ten countries account for 60% of all respondents. Germany overtook India to move into second place this year, a reverse of 2022's placement. Australia broke into the top ten, coming in at ninth and displacing Spain this year.

52,530 responses

United States of America	21.21% 18,647
Germany	8.34% 7,328
India	6.4% 5,625
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	6.32% 5,552
Canada	3.99% 3,507
France	3.34% 2,933
Poland	2.77% 2,435
Netherlands	2.71% 2,383
Australia	2.36% 2,078
Brazil	2.32% 2,042

% Percentages # Responses

Where do you live? *

87,973 responses

Response	Percentage	Responses
United States of America	21.21%	18,647
Germany	8.34%	7,328
India	6.4%	5,625
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	6.32%	5,552
Canada	3.99%	3,507
France	3.34%	2,933
Poland	2.77%	2,435
Netherlands	2.71%	2,383
Australia	2.36%	2,078
Brazil	2.32%	2,042
Italy	2.09%	1,835
Spain	2.09%	1,834
Sweden	1.87%	1,641
Switzerland	1.31%	1,149
Russian Federation	1.24%	1,094
Czech Republic	1.22%	1,072
Austria	1.18%	1,033
Israel	1.05%	921
Belgium	1.01%	888
Turkey	1%	881
Ukraine	0.99%	873
Denmark	0.97%	850
Romania	0.94%	829
Portugal	0.85%	749
Norway	0.83%	732
Finland	0.83%	726
New Zealand	0.76%	672
China	0.75%	657
Greece	0.72%	631
Hungary	0.69%	607
Mexico	0.69%	605
Pakistan	0.68%	596
Argentina	0.66%	579
Iran, Islamic Republic of...	0.66%	577
South Africa	0.65%	573
Indonesia	0.56%	493
Bangladesh	0.56%	490
Bulgaria	0.55%	482
Colombia	0.53%	465
Ireland	0.53%	464
Nigeria	0.51%	447
Serbia	0.47%	417
Viet Nam	0.44%	390
Japan	0.41%	362
Philippines	0.4%	354
Slovakia	0.4%	352
Lithuania	0.36%	317
Singapore	0.34%	298
Egypt	0.34%	296
Croatia	0.33%	290
Slovenia	0.31%	271
Malaysia	0.3%	264
Chile	0.28%	248
Kenya	0.28%	244
Taiwan	0.27%	239
Estonia	0.27%	234
Sri Lanka	0.25%	217
Thailand	0.25%	216
Nepal	0.24%	212
Hong Kong (S.A.R.)	0.23%	205
South Korea	0.23%	204
United Arab Emirates	0.2%	178
Latvia	0.2%	174
Georgia	0.19%	166
Morocco	0.16%	145
Peru	0.16%	141
Uruguay	0.15%	133
Belarus	0.15%	128
Armenia	0.13%	114
Tunisia	0.12%	107
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of...	0.12%	106
Saudi Arabia	0.12%	104
Kazakhstan	0.1%	91
Ecuador	0.1%	90
Ghana	0.1%	90
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.1%	87
Costa Rica	0.1%	86
Ethiopia	0.1%	86
Republic of Korea	0.1%	86
Algeria	0.1%	85
Cyprus	0.1%	84
Jordan	0.08%	72
Luxembourg	0.08%	72
Dominican Republic	0.08%	71
Lebanon	0.08%	66
Afghanistan	0.07%	64
Uzbekistan	0.07%	64
Albania	0.07%	60
Guatemala	0.07%	60
Uganda	0.07%	60
Iceland	0.06%	57
Azerbaijan	0.06%	53
Iraq	0.06%	51
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia	0.06%	51
Republic of Moldova	0.06%	50
Malta	0.05%	46
Bolivia	0.05%	42
Myanmar	0.05%	42
Paraguay	0.05%	42
Montenegro	0.04%	38
Syrian Arab Republic	0.04%	37
United Republic of Tanzania	0.04%	36
El Salvador	0.04%	34
Zimbabwe	0.04%	34
Cuba	0.04%	33
Cambodia	0.03%	30
Cameroon	0.03%	30
Nicaragua	0.03%	30
Mauritius	0.03%	28
Kosovo	0.03%	27
Rwanda	0.03%	27
Honduras	0.03%	26
Zambia	0.03%	26
Kyrgyzstan	0.03%	25
Palestine	0.03%	24
Panama	0.03%	24
Jamaica	0.02%	21
Malawi	0.02%	21
Mongolia	0.02%	21
Madagascar	0.02%	20
Yemen	0.02%	20
Bahrain	0.02%	19
Trinidad and Tobago	0.02%	19
Kuwait	0.02%	18
Benin	0.02%	17
Andorra	0.02%	16
Qatar	0.02%	16
Somalia	0.02%	15
Côte d'Ivoire	0.02%	14
Angola	0.01%	13
Isle of Man	0.01%	13
Senegal	0.01%	13
Maldives	0.01%	12
Oman	0.01%	11
Swaziland	0.01%	11
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya	0.01%	10
Turkmenistan	0.01%	10
Mozambique	0.01%	9
Fiji	0.01%	8
Sierra Leone	0.01%	8
Sudan	0.01%	8
Antigua and Barbuda	0.01%	7
Barbados	0.01%	6
Botswana	0.01%	6
Mali	0.01%	6
Togo	0.01%	6
Belize	0.01%	5
Democratic Republic of the Congo	0.01%	5
Mauritania	0.01%	5
Tajikistan	0.01%	5
Burkina Faso	0%	4
Haiti	0%	4
Lesotho	0%	4
Namibia	0%	4
Niger	0%	4
North Korea	0%	4
Suriname	0%	4
Bhutan	0%	3
Brunei Darussalam	0%	3
Guyana	0%	3
Lao People's Democratic Republic	0%	3
Liberia	0%	3
Palau	0%	3
Bahamas	0%	2
Burundi	0%	2
Cape Verde	0%	2
Congo, Republic of the...	0%	2
Djibouti	0%	2
Dominica	0%	2
Gabon	0%	2
Guinea	0%	2
Monaco	0%	2
Saint Lucia	0%	2
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	0%	2
Timor-Leste	0%	2
Central African Republic	0%	1
Grenada	0%	1
Guinea-Bissau	0%	1
Liechtenstein	0%	1
Marshall Islands	0%	1
Saint Kitts and Nevis	0%	1
Samoa	0%	1
San Marino	0%	1

Where do you live? *

Developer Profile

Demographics

We reduced the number of demographic questions this year, only asking about age.

Age

43% of Professional Developers are 25-34 years old. But we see that more than half of the respondents learning to code are 18-24 years old.

89,184 responses

Under 18 years old	4.63% 4,128
18-24 years old	20.11% 17,931
25-34 years old	37.28% 33,247
35-44 years old	23.02% 20,532
45-54 years old	9.34% 8,334
55-64 years old	3.8% 3,392
65 years or older	1.31% 1,171
Prefer not to say	0.5% 449

% Percentages # Responses

What is your age? *

67,237 responses

Under 18 years old	0.63% 422
18-24 years old	16.36% 11,002
25-34 years old	42.9% 28,848
35-44 years old	25.74% 17,304
45-54 years old	9.65% 6,487
55-64 years old	3.64% 2,449
65 years or older	0.88% 594
Prefer not to say	0.19% 131

% Percentages # Responses

What is your age? *

4,961 responses

Under 18 years old	17.96% 891
18-24 years old	55.09% 2,733
25-34 years old	16.33% 810
35-44 years old	6.33% 314
45-54 years old	2.28% 113
55-64 years old	0.97% 48
65 years or older	0.24% 12
Prefer not to say	0.81% 40

% Percentages # Responses

What is your age? *

5,159 responses

Under 18 years old	18.1% 934
18-24 years old	23.96% 1,236
25-34 years old	22.04% 1,137
35-44 years old	16.4% 846
45-54 years old	10.18% 525
55-64 years old	5.1% 263
65 years or older	3.14% 162
Prefer not to say	1.09% 56

% Percentages # Responses

What is your age? *

Technology

Each year we explore the tools and technologies developers are currently using and the ones they want to use.

This year, we included new questions about AI tools.

We also introduce a new way to look at the relationship between Worked With vs. Want to Work With, calling this Admired and Desired.

Technology

Most popular technologies

This year, we're comparing the popular technologies across three different groups: All respondents, Professional Developers, and those that are learning to code.

Programming, scripting, and markup languages

2023 continues JavaScript’s streak as its eleventh year in a row as the most commonly-used programming language. Python has overtaken SQL as the third most commonly-used language, but placing first for those who are not professional developers or learning to code (Other Coders).

A few technologies moved up a spot this year (Bash/Shell, C, Ruby, Perl, and Erlang) with two moving up two spots (Elixir and Lisp). The big mover, gaining seven spots since 2022 was Lua, an embeddable scripting language.

Professional developers top three technologies are the same as last year—JavaScript, HTML/CSS, and SQL.

But it’s a different picture for those learning to code. HTML/CSS and JavaScript are almost tied as the most popular languages for people learning to code. Student developers use Python more than SQL (59% vs. 37%), while professional developers report using SQL more than Python (52% vs 45%).

Compared to Professional Developers, those learning to code are more likely to report using Java (37% vs 31%), C++ (32% vs 20%), and C (32% vs 17%).

87,585 responses

JavaScript	63.61% 55,711
HTML/CSS	52.97% 46,396
Python	49.28% 43,158
SQL	48.66% 42,623
TypeScript	38.87% 34,041
Bash/Shell (all shells)	32.37% 28,351
Java	30.55% 26,757
C#	27.62% 24,193
C++	22.42% 19,634
C	19.34% 16,940
PHP	18.58% 16,274
PowerShell	13.59% 11,902
Go	13.24% 11,592
Rust	13.05% 11,427
Kotlin	9.06% 7,935
Ruby	6.23% 5,454
Lua	6.09% 5,336
Dart	6.02% 5,273
Assembly	5.43% 4,753
Swift	4.65% 4,072
R	4.23% 3,702
Visual Basic (.Net)	4.07% 3,568
MATLAB	3.81% 3,339
VBA	3.55% 3,107
Groovy	3.4% 2,976
Delphi	3.23% 2,831
Scala	2.77% 2,422
Perl	2.46% 2,151
Elixir	2.32% 2,028
Objective-C	2.31% 2,019
Haskell	2.09% 1,829
GDScript	1.71% 1,495
Lisp	1.53% 1,342
Solidity	1.33% 1,168
Clojure	1.26% 1,105
Julia	1.15% 1,010
Erlang	0.99% 868
F#	0.97% 849
Fortran	0.95% 833
Prolog	0.89% 776
Zig	0.83% 729
Ada	0.77% 677
OCaml	0.7% 614
Apex	0.66% 579
Cobol	0.66% 576
SAS	0.49% 427
Crystal	0.44% 389
Nim	0.38% 331
APL	0.26% 225
Flow	0.24% 214
Raku	0.18% 156

% Percentages # Responses

Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)

67,053 responses

JavaScript	65.82% 44,136
HTML/CSS	52.83% 35,426
SQL	51.52% 34,543
Python	45.32% 30,388
TypeScript	43.75% 29,334
Bash/Shell (all shells)	32.74% 21,956
Java	30.49% 20,444
C#	29.16% 19,555
C++	20.21% 13,550
PHP	19.03% 12,760
C	16.66% 11,168
Go	14.32% 9,603
PowerShell	13.61% 9,126
Rust	12.21% 8,187
Kotlin	9.7% 6,501
Ruby	6.94% 4,655
Dart	6.13% 4,110
Lua	5.2% 3,485
Swift	4.96% 3,328
Assembly	4.42% 2,964
Visual Basic (.Net)	3.92% 2,628
Groovy	3.87% 2,598
Delphi	3.23% 2,165
Scala	3.21% 2,152
R	3.17% 2,123
MATLAB	2.98% 1,997
VBA	2.9% 1,943
Elixir	2.63% 1,766
Objective-C	2.6% 1,745
Perl	2.34% 1,566
Haskell	1.8% 1,208
Solidity	1.4% 939
Clojure	1.38% 927
Lisp	1.33% 894
GDScript	1.31% 881
Erlang	1.09% 730
F#	1.03% 693
Julia	0.78% 523
Prolog	0.76% 511
Zig	0.7% 472
Fortran	0.69% 461
Ada	0.65% 437
Apex	0.64% 431
OCaml	0.63% 423
Cobol	0.57% 382
Crystal	0.42% 284
SAS	0.4% 268
Nim	0.32% 213
Flow	0.25% 167
APL	0.16% 106
Raku	0.14% 93

% Percentages # Responses

4,905 responses

HTML/CSS	60.73% 2,979
JavaScript	60.51% 2,968
Python	56.57% 2,775
SQL	35.29% 1,731
Java	35.17% 1,725
C++	31.11% 1,526
C	30.58% 1,500
Bash/Shell (all shells)	22.14% 1,086
TypeScript	21.18% 1,039
C#	20.63% 1,012
PHP	15.27% 749
Rust	10.95% 537
PowerShell	9.87% 484
Assembly	7.77% 381
Lua	6.97% 342
Kotlin	6.67% 327
Go	6.18% 303
Dart	5.97% 293
MATLAB	5.42% 266
R	4.53% 222
Visual Basic (.Net)	3.87% 190
Ruby	2.55% 125
Haskell	2.51% 123
GDScript	2.49% 122
Swift	2.47% 121
VBA	2.26% 111
Prolog	1.35% 66
Lisp	1.24% 61
Solidity	1.18% 58
Ada	1.16% 57
Delphi	1% 49
Julia	0.98% 48
Elixir	0.86% 42
Fortran	0.77% 38
Objective-C	0.77% 38
Scala	0.77% 38
Zig	0.75% 37
OCaml	0.73% 36
Perl	0.65% 32
Clojure	0.63% 31
F#	0.63% 31
Cobol	0.61% 30
Groovy	0.57% 28
APL	0.55% 27
SAS	0.55% 27
Apex	0.49% 24
Erlang	0.49% 24
Nim	0.41% 20
Crystal	0.37% 18
Flow	0.27% 13
Raku	0.16% 8

% Percentages # Responses

5,115 responses

Python	64.79% 3,314
JavaScript	54.45% 2,785
HTML/CSS	51.1% 2,614
SQL	40.22% 2,057
Bash/Shell (all shells)	34.47% 1,763
Java	29.97% 1,533
C++	29.05% 1,486
C	27% 1,381
C#	23.3% 1,192
TypeScript	22.76% 1,164
PHP	17.97% 919
Rust	17.32% 886
PowerShell	14.66% 750
Go	11.16% 571
Lua	9.93% 508
Assembly	8.8% 450
R	8.6% 440
Kotlin	7.21% 369
VBA	7.1% 363
MATLAB	6.65% 340
Dart	5.81% 297
Visual Basic (.Net)	5% 256
Swift	4.2% 215
Ruby	4.07% 208
Delphi	3.77% 193
Perl	3.73% 191
GDScript	3.13% 160
Haskell	3.09% 158
Julia	2.85% 146
Groovy	2.37% 121
Lisp	2.35% 120
Fortran	2.33% 119
Objective-C	1.52% 78
Scala	1.49% 76
Elixir	1.45% 74
Zig	1.39% 71
Prolog	1.37% 70
Solidity	1.09% 56
Cobol	1% 51
Ada	0.98% 50
Clojure	0.98% 50
OCaml	0.96% 49
Apex	0.82% 42
Erlang	0.78% 40
SAS	0.76% 39
F#	0.66% 34
Nim	0.65% 33
APL	0.55% 28
Crystal	0.55% 28
Raku	0.31% 16
Flow	0.22% 11

% Percentages # Responses

Databases

This year, PostgreSQL took over the first place spot from MySQL. Professional Developers are more likely than those learning to code to use PostgreSQL (50%) and those learning are more likely to use MySQL (54%).

MongoDB is used by a similar percentage of both Professional Developers and those learning to code and it’s the second most popular database for those learning to code (behind MySQL).

76,634 responses

PostgreSQL	45.55% 34,909
MySQL	41.09% 31,489
SQLite	30.9% 23,678
MongoDB	25.52% 19,556
Microsoft SQL Server	25.45% 19,506
Redis	20.41% 15,639
MariaDB	17.61% 13,495
Elasticsearch	13.39% 10,263
Oracle	9.8% 7,507
Dynamodb	8.87% 6,798
Firebase Realtime Database	6.44% 4,939
Cloud Firestore	6.4% 4,901
BigQuery	4.51% 3,456
Microsoft Access	4.25% 3,257
H2	3.66% 2,808
Cosmos DB	3.49% 2,672
Supabase	2.77% 2,122
InfluxDB	2.73% 2,091
Cassandra	2.51% 1,927
Snowflake	2.37% 1,820
Neo4J	1.87% 1,432
IBM DB2	1.85% 1,414
Solr	1.55% 1,189
Firebird	1.5% 1,152
Couch DB	1.16% 887
Clickhouse	1.11% 849
Cockroachdb	1.04% 795
Couchbase	0.78% 598
DuckDB	0.61% 469
Datomic	0.32% 244
RavenDB	0.3% 227
TiDB	0.2% 157

% Percentages # Responses

Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)

60,369 responses

PostgreSQL	49.09% 29,634
MySQL	40.59% 24,501
SQLite	30.17% 18,213
Microsoft SQL Server	27.34% 16,505
MongoDB	25.66% 15,489
Redis	23.25% 14,033
MariaDB	17.69% 10,682
Elasticsearch	15.33% 9,255
Dynamodb	10.31% 6,222
Oracle	10.06% 6,072
Cloud Firestore	6.35% 3,832
Firebase Realtime Database	6.34% 3,827
BigQuery	4.79% 2,892
H2	4.23% 2,552
Cosmos DB	3.97% 2,394
Microsoft Access	3.51% 2,116
InfluxDB	2.8% 1,693
Cassandra	2.71% 1,637
Supabase	2.6% 1,571
Snowflake	2.56% 1,543
Neo4J	1.92% 1,159
IBM DB2	1.89% 1,139
Solr	1.74% 1,053
Firebird	1.53% 922
Clickhouse	1.21% 731
Couch DB	1.2% 723
Cockroachdb	1.08% 649
Couchbase	0.82% 493
DuckDB	0.59% 355
Datomic	0.32% 196
RavenDB	0.32% 193
TiDB	0.19% 114

% Percentages # Responses

3,940 responses

MySQL	45.71% 1,801
MongoDB	28.15% 1,109
SQLite	26.93% 1,061
PostgreSQL	23.38% 921
Microsoft SQL Server	12.41% 489
MariaDB	12.34% 486
Firebase Realtime Database	8.38% 330
Oracle	6.88% 271
Cloud Firestore	6.75% 266
Microsoft Access	6.24% 246
Redis	5.15% 203
Supabase	3.15% 124
BigQuery	2.36% 93
Elasticsearch	1.62% 64
H2	1.55% 61
Neo4J	1.42% 56
Dynamodb	1.19% 47
Cassandra	0.99% 39
Firebird	0.96% 38
Cosmos DB	0.84% 33
InfluxDB	0.84% 33
Cockroachdb	0.71% 28
IBM DB2	0.61% 24
Couch DB	0.58% 23
Snowflake	0.53% 21
Clickhouse	0.43% 17
Datomic	0.43% 17
Solr	0.43% 17
Couchbase	0.36% 14
DuckDB	0.3% 12
TiDB	0.28% 11
RavenDB	0.23% 9

% Percentages # Responses

4,009 responses

MySQL	42.53% 1,705
SQLite	35.64% 1,429
PostgreSQL	35.42% 1,420
MongoDB	23.02% 923
Microsoft SQL Server	19.43% 779
MariaDB	19.16% 768
Redis	11.6% 465
Oracle	9.25% 371
Elasticsearch	7.71% 309
Microsoft Access	7.26% 291
Cloud Firestore	6.39% 256
Firebase Realtime Database	6.24% 250
Dynamodb	4.79% 192
BigQuery	3.62% 145
Supabase	3.39% 136
InfluxDB	3.32% 133
IBM DB2	2.17% 87
Cosmos DB	2.1% 84
Snowflake	2.1% 84
Cassandra	1.97% 79
H2	1.77% 71
Neo4J	1.62% 65
Firebird	1.6% 64
Couch DB	1.27% 51
Cockroachdb	1.02% 41
Solr	1.02% 41
Clickhouse	0.85% 34
Couchbase	0.82% 33
DuckDB	0.75% 30
TiDB	0.32% 13
Datomic	0.27% 11
RavenDB	0.27% 11

% Percentages # Responses

Cloud platforms

AWS remains the most used cloud platform for all respondents. AWS handily makes it to the top spot, almost doubling the percentange of the second most used cloud platform for all respondents, Azure.

People learning to code are using AWS (19%) at parity with two other cloud platforms (19% Google Cloud and 19% Firebase) but use Azure much less than all respondents (11% vs. 26%). Interestingly, Heroku was the most used cloud platform last year by those learning to code but it dropped to fifth most used this year.

You can see the inroads that Azure has with organizations—almost three times as many professional developers are using Azure compared to people who are learning to code (28% vs. 11%).

69,549 responses

Amazon Web Services (AWS)	48.62% 33,818
Microsoft Azure	26.03% 18,105
Google Cloud	23.86% 16,592
Firebase	15.47% 10,761
Cloudflare	15.24% 10,599
Digital Ocean	13.37% 9,299
Heroku	12.02% 8,358
Vercel	10.68% 7,431
Netlify	8.95% 6,228
VMware	7.14% 4,964
Hetzner	4.41% 3,069
Linode, now Akamai	3.96% 2,755
Managed Hosting	3.42% 2,379
OVH	3.42% 2,378
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI)	2.6% 1,810
OpenShift	2.4% 1,671
Fly.io	2.37% 1,649
Vultr	1.95% 1,357
Render	1.85% 1,287
OpenStack	1.55% 1,076
IBM Cloud Or Watson	1.15% 801
Scaleway	0.9% 628
Colocation	0.71% 497

% Percentages # Responses

Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)

55,540 responses

Amazon Web Services (AWS)	53.08% 29,479
Microsoft Azure	27.8% 15,441
Google Cloud	23.95% 13,304
Firebase	15.39% 8,550
Cloudflare	14.99% 8,326
Digital Ocean	14.11% 7,838
Heroku	11.77% 6,535
Vercel	10.31% 5,727
Netlify	8.48% 4,708
VMware	6.45% 3,584
Hetzner	4.44% 2,465
Linode, now Akamai	3.79% 2,104
OVH	3.44% 1,912
Managed Hosting	3.4% 1,889
OpenShift	2.58% 1,432
Fly.io	2.42% 1,342
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI)	2.06% 1,146
Vultr	1.84% 1,021
Render	1.66% 920
OpenStack	1.44% 802
IBM Cloud Or Watson	1.03% 571
Scaleway	0.94% 520
Colocation	0.69% 385

% Percentages # Responses

3,366 responses

Amazon Web Services (AWS)	19.43% 654
Google Cloud	19.37% 652
Firebase	18.66% 628
Netlify	14.8% 498
Heroku	14.62% 492
Vercel	14.47% 487
Cloudflare	12.48% 420
Microsoft Azure	10.99% 370
VMware	7.78% 262
Digital Ocean	7.34% 247
Render	3.92% 132
Linode, now Akamai	3.71% 125
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI)	3.65% 123
OVH	2.26% 76
Fly.io	2.14% 72
Hetzner	1.99% 67
Managed Hosting	1.87% 63
Vultr	1.63% 55
IBM Cloud Or Watson	1.57% 53
OpenStack	1.57% 53
OpenShift	0.65% 22
Colocation	0.59% 20
Scaleway	0.51% 17

% Percentages # Responses

3,450 responses

Amazon Web Services (AWS)	34.35% 1,185
Google Cloud	25.1% 866
Microsoft Azure	20.7% 714
Cloudflare	18% 621
Firebase	14.09% 486
Heroku	12.12% 418
VMware	11.48% 396
Digital Ocean	11.39% 393
Vercel	11.36% 392
Netlify	9.57% 330
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI)	5.51% 190
Hetzner	5.33% 184
Linode, now Akamai	4.84% 167
Managed Hosting	3.97% 137
OVH	3.65% 126
Vultr	2.72% 94
Fly.io	2.29% 79
OpenStack	2.26% 78
IBM Cloud Or Watson	2.03% 70
Render	2% 69
OpenShift	1.91% 66
Scaleway	0.9% 31
Colocation	0.87% 30

% Percentages # Responses

Web frameworks and technologies

Node.js and React.js are the two most common web technologies used by all respondents.

Professional Developers use both fairly equally and those learning to code use Node.js more than React (52% vs. 48%). jQuery and Express are the next two popular web technologies for all respondents, and jQuery is used more by Professional Developers than those learning to code (24% vs 18%), whereas Express is used more by those learning than professionals (25% vs. 20%).

Next.js moved from 11th place in 2022 to 6th this year, likely driven by its popularity with those learning to code.

71,802 responses

Node.js	42.65% 30,626
React	40.58% 29,137
jQuery	21.98% 15,784
Express	19.28% 13,843
Angular	17.46% 12,537
Next.js	16.67% 11,972
ASP.NET CORE	16.57% 11,896
Vue.js	16.38% 11,758
WordPress	13.38% 9,604
ASP.NET	12.79% 9,185
Flask	12.16% 8,734
Spring Boot	11.95% 8,583
Django	11.47% 8,238
Laravel	7.58% 5,440
FastAPI	7.42% 5,325
AngularJS	7.21% 5,176
Svelte	6.62% 4,753
Ruby on Rails	5.49% 3,940
NestJS	5.13% 3,681
Blazor	4.88% 3,501
Nuxt.js	3.69% 2,652
Symfony	3.2% 2,301
Deno	2.36% 1,697
Gatsby	2.33% 1,675
Fastify	2.05% 1,474
Phoenix	2.04% 1,468
Drupal	1.87% 1,343
CodeIgniter	1.72% 1,238
Solid.js	1.36% 979
Remix	1.27% 912
Elm	0.81% 580
Play Framework	0.76% 545
Lit	0.68% 490
Qwik	0.54% 389

% Percentages # Responses

Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)

56,742 responses

React	42.87% 24,325
Node.js	42.73% 24,248
jQuery	22.87% 12,979
Angular	19.89% 11,287
Express	19.51% 11,069
ASP.NET CORE	18.86% 10,700
Vue.js	17.64% 10,011
Next.js	17.3% 9,818
ASP.NET	14.16% 8,033
Spring Boot	13.54% 7,681
WordPress	12.59% 7,145
Flask	11.21% 6,358
Django	10.88% 6,175
Laravel	8.32% 4,720
AngularJS	7.96% 4,515
FastAPI	7.67% 4,353
Ruby on Rails	6.15% 3,488
Svelte	6.01% 3,411
NestJS	5.81% 3,297
Blazor	5.41% 3,072
Nuxt.js	3.89% 2,207
Symfony	3.67% 2,083
Gatsby	2.54% 1,444
Phoenix	2.3% 1,304
Fastify	2.22% 1,259
Deno	2.2% 1,248
CodeIgniter	1.85% 1,051
Drupal	1.85% 1,050
Remix	1.37% 775
Solid.js	1.25% 708
Play Framework	0.84% 477
Elm	0.81% 457
Lit	0.74% 418
Qwik	0.49% 280

% Percentages # Responses

3,942 responses

Node.js	42.44% 1,673
React	36.66% 1,445
Express	20.8% 820
jQuery	15.4% 607
Next.js	15.12% 596
Django	13.52% 533
WordPress	13.27% 523
Flask	11.95% 471
Vue.js	9.69% 382
ASP.NET CORE	7.2% 284
Angular	7.15% 282
Spring Boot	6.82% 269
ASP.NET	6.47% 255
Svelte	6.42% 253
Laravel	5.33% 210
FastAPI	4.67% 184
AngularJS	3.45% 136
Blazor	2.56% 101
NestJS	2.38% 94
Nuxt.js	2.05% 81
Ruby on Rails	1.8% 71
Deno	1.75% 69
Solid.js	1.62% 64
CodeIgniter	1.27% 50
Symfony	1.17% 46
Drupal	1.01% 40
Gatsby	0.96% 38
Fastify	0.89% 35
Phoenix	0.81% 32
Remix	0.76% 30
Qwik	0.68% 27
Elm	0.53% 21
Play Framework	0.48% 19
Lit	0.43% 17

% Percentages # Responses

3,601 responses

Node.js	42.07% 1,515
React	30.13% 1,085
jQuery	19.74% 711
Express	17.5% 630
Flask	17.27% 622
WordPress	17% 612
Django	14.11% 508
Next.js	13.64% 491
Vue.js	12.61% 454
Svelte	9.8% 353
Angular	8.28% 298
ASP.NET CORE	7.75% 279
ASP.NET	7.5% 270
FastAPI	6.89% 248
Spring Boot	6% 216
Laravel	4.67% 168
AngularJS	3.94% 142
Deno	3.55% 128
Ruby on Rails	3.42% 123
Nuxt.js	3.17% 114
Blazor	2.89% 104
NestJS	2.5% 90
Drupal	2.11% 76
Solid.js	1.97% 71
Gatsby	1.83% 66
Fastify	1.75% 63
Symfony	1.69% 61
CodeIgniter	1.31% 47
Remix	1.03% 37
Phoenix	0.89% 32
Elm	0.69% 25
Qwik	0.64% 23
Lit	0.33% 12
Play Framework	0.33% 12

% Percentages # Responses

Other frameworks and libraries

This year we disaggregated .NET to be more specific, and specifically .NET (5+) is top of the list again this year for other frameworks and libraries. Those learning to code are using NumPy and Pandas more than .NET (5+).

We added a few new options this year as well, and see RabbitMQ is fairly popular with professionals (14%). Python-compatible libraries continue the trend of scoring higher in this category amongst those learning to code, like last year, but interspersed amongst old favorites and new options, we see Opencv and OpenGL rise up into the top 10 list (13% and 11% respectively).

67,231 responses

.NET (5+)	25.29% 17,005
NumPy	20.25% 13,614
Pandas	18.97% 12,756
.NET Framework (1.0 - 4.8)	17.03% 11,452
Spring Framework	11.1% 7,460
RabbitMQ	10.33% 6,942
TensorFlow	9.53% 6,405
Scikit-Learn	9.43% 6,339
Flutter	9.12% 6,132
Apache Kafka	8.9% 5,984
Torch/PyTorch	8.75% 5,884
React Native	8.43% 5,667
Opencv	8.11% 5,455
Electron	6.97% 4,685
OpenGL	6.94% 4,664
Qt	6.55% 4,401
CUDA	4.52% 3,042
Keras	4.22% 2,839
Apache Spark	4.09% 2,748
SwiftUI	3.93% 2,643
Xamarin	3.32% 2,233
Ionic	2.9% 1,948
Hugging Face Transformers	2.75% 1,852
GTK	2.51% 1,690
Cordova	2.4% 1,616
.NET MAUI	2.34% 1,573
Hadoop	2.29% 1,539
Tauri	2.25% 1,516
Capacitor	1.68% 1,127
Tidyverse	1.55% 1,045
Quarkus	1.13% 763
Ktor	1.1% 740
MFC	1% 671
JAX	0.95% 641
Micronaut	0.66% 441
Uno Platform	0.53% 357

% Percentages # Responses

Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)

52,046 responses

.NET (5+)	27.11% 14,112
.NET Framework (1.0 - 4.8)	18.69% 9,729
NumPy	17.59% 9,154
Pandas	17.19% 8,949
Spring Framework	12.89% 6,711
RabbitMQ	12.22% 6,361
Apache Kafka	10.37% 5,395
Flutter	9.21% 4,794
React Native	9.14% 4,758
TensorFlow	8.41% 4,379
Scikit-Learn	8.37% 4,358
Torch/PyTorch	7.89% 4,108
Opencv	7.29% 3,794
Electron	6.82% 3,549
OpenGL	5.94% 3,092
Qt	5.82% 3,028
Apache Spark	4.39% 2,285
CUDA	4.17% 2,168
SwiftUI	4.06% 2,111
Keras	3.77% 1,961
Xamarin	3.61% 1,880
Ionic	3.33% 1,734
Cordova	2.74% 1,427
Hugging Face Transformers	2.66% 1,386
.NET MAUI	2.46% 1,278
Hadoop	2.36% 1,226
Tauri	1.95% 1,014
GTK	1.93% 1,005
Capacitor	1.91% 992
Quarkus	1.32% 689
Ktor	1.16% 605
MFC	1.09% 569
Tidyverse	0.99% 515
JAX	0.94% 488
Micronaut	0.71% 371
Uno Platform	0.5% 258

% Percentages # Responses

3,482 responses

NumPy	22.8% 794
Pandas	18.75% 653
.NET (5+)	17.2% 599
TensorFlow	11.06% 385
Flutter	10.37% 361
Scikit-Learn	9.82% 342
.NET Framework (1.0 - 4.8)	9.71% 338
Opencv	8.87% 309
Torch/PyTorch	8.24% 287
OpenGL	7.61% 265
Qt	6.78% 236
React Native	6.66% 232
Spring Framework	5.46% 190
Electron	5.4% 188
Keras	4.48% 156
CUDA	3.82% 133
SwiftUI	2.84% 99
GTK	2.81% 98
Tauri	2.58% 90
.NET MAUI	2.27% 79
Hugging Face Transformers	1.98% 69
Xamarin	1.98% 69
Apache Spark	1.78% 62
RabbitMQ	1.69% 59
Tidyverse	1.58% 55
Apache Kafka	1.55% 54
Ionic	1.44% 50
Hadoop	1.35% 47
Cordova	1.26% 44
Capacitor	1.03% 36
Ktor	0.83% 29
Uno Platform	0.83% 29
JAX	0.66% 23
MFC	0.49% 17
Micronaut	0.43% 15
Quarkus	0.4% 14

% Percentages # Responses

3,843 responses

NumPy	31.25% 1,201
Pandas	27.24% 1,047
.NET (5+)	19.54% 751
TensorFlow	14.47% 556
Scikit-Learn	13.69% 526
Torch/PyTorch	12.78% 491
OpenGL	11.68% 449
Opencv	11.61% 446
.NET Framework (1.0 - 4.8)	11.24% 432
Qt	9.65% 371
Electron	9.13% 351
Flutter	8.93% 343
CUDA	6.51% 250
Keras	6.14% 236
React Native	5.41% 208
GTK	5.02% 193
Spring Framework	4.81% 185
RabbitMQ	4.63% 178
Apache Kafka	4.27% 164
Tidyverse	4.09% 157
Tauri	3.8% 146
SwiftUI	3.75% 144
Hugging Face Transformers	3.49% 134
Apache Spark	3.12% 120
Hadoop	2.39% 92
Xamarin	2.21% 85
.NET MAUI	1.64% 63
Ionic	1.14% 44
Cordova	1.07% 41
Ktor	0.83% 32
Capacitor	0.75% 29
JAX	0.75% 29
MFC	0.7% 27
Uno Platform	0.57% 22
Quarkus	0.47% 18
Micronaut	0.39% 15

% Percentages # Responses

Other tools

This year, Docker is the top-used other tool amongst all respondents (53%) rising from its second place spot last year.

80,249 responses

Docker	51.55% 41,369
npm	49.36% 39,609
Pip	29.01% 23,281
Homebrew	21.99% 17,647
Yarn	21.86% 17,545
Webpack	20.77% 16,665
Make	20.14% 16,161
Kubernetes	19.02% 15,260
NuGet	15.25% 12,235
Maven (build tool)	15.09% 12,109
Gradle	14.9% 11,961
Vite	14.71% 11,807
Visual Studio Solution	14.64% 11,751
CMake	14.34% 11,506
Cargo	12.97% 10,409
GNU GCC	12.51% 10,038
Terraform	11.3% 9,068
MSBuild	10.62% 8,520
Ansible	8.62% 6,921
Chocolatey	8.11% 6,509
Composer	7.81% 6,266
LLVM's Clang	7.43% 5,959
APT	7.2% 5,780
Unity 3D	6.93% 5,561
Pacman	6.58% 5,280
pnpm	6.28% 5,036
MSVC	4.57% 3,666
Podman	3.9% 3,129
Ninja	3.65% 2,928
Unreal Engine	3.09% 2,482
Godot	3.09% 2,478
Ant	2.95% 2,371
Google Test	2.67% 2,146
Nix	2.05% 1,647
Meson	1.31% 1,052
QMake	1.22% 983
Puppet	1.12% 900
Dagger	1.08% 866
Chef	0.94% 758
Catch2	0.83% 663
Pulumi	0.82% 659
Bun	0.77% 620
Wasmer	0.54% 431
doctest	0.49% 393
SCons	0.47% 378
bandit	0.45% 362
cppunit	0.43% 346
Boost.Test	0.43% 342
build2	0.2% 159
tunit	0.09% 69
lest	0.07% 55
snitch	0.07% 55
CUTE	0.07% 54
ELFspy	0.06% 51
liblittletest	0.05% 37

% Percentages # Responses

Which developer tools for compiling, building and testing have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)

62,772 responses

Docker	56.61% 35,538
npm	51.98% 32,630
Pip	26.94% 16,913
Yarn	24.48% 15,367
Homebrew	24.33% 15,271
Webpack	23.65% 14,845
Kubernetes	21.67% 13,600
Make	19.97% 12,537
NuGet	17.17% 10,777
Maven (build tool)	16.24% 10,196
Gradle	15.59% 9,784
Vite	15.08% 9,463
Visual Studio Solution	14.75% 9,262
CMake	13.3% 8,346
Terraform	12.82% 8,045
MSBuild	12.1% 7,596
Cargo	11.77% 7,389
GNU GCC	10.34% 6,490
Ansible	8.98% 5,640
Composer	8.73% 5,482
Chocolatey	8% 5,024
LLVM's Clang	6.83% 4,286
APT	6.67% 4,185
pnpm	6.49% 4,075
Unity 3D	5.63% 3,533
Pacman	5.41% 3,394
MSVC	4.36% 2,735
Podman	4.04% 2,535
Ninja	3.52% 2,208
Ant	3.16% 1,982
Google Test	2.87% 1,802
Unreal Engine	2.53% 1,591
Godot	2.49% 1,560
Nix	1.95% 1,224
Dagger	1.25% 784
QMake	1.15% 723
Meson	1.09% 687
Puppet	1.09% 686
Chef	0.96% 601
Pulumi	0.91% 573
Catch2	0.87% 549
Bun	0.71% 447
Wasmer	0.53% 332
SCons	0.46% 290
doctest	0.46% 288
bandit	0.45% 284
cppunit	0.44% 276
Boost.Test	0.4% 249
build2	0.16% 101
tunit	0.07% 41
snitch	0.06% 35
lest	0.05% 31
CUTE	0.05% 29
ELFspy	0.04% 25
liblittletest	0.03% 19

% Percentages # Responses

4,068 responses

npm	44.22% 1,799
Pip	32.62% 1,327
Docker	22.89% 931
GNU GCC	19.03% 774
Vite	17.55% 714
CMake	14.7% 598
Visual Studio Solution	13.37% 544
Cargo	13.35% 543
Make	13.05% 531
Unity 3D	12.56% 511
Yarn	11.46% 466
Gradle	10.84% 441
Webpack	10.82% 440
Maven (build tool)	10.74% 437
Pacman	9.93% 404
Homebrew	9.05% 368
Chocolatey	7.5% 305
APT	7.33% 298
LLVM's Clang	7.3% 297
NuGet	6.78% 276
pnpm	6.27% 255
Unreal Engine	5.29% 215
Godot	4.45% 181
Composer	3.88% 158
MSVC	3.86% 157
Kubernetes	3.69% 150
Ninja	3.2% 130
MSBuild	2.83% 115
Ansible	2.38% 97
Nix	1.87% 76
Google Test	1.77% 72
Podman	1.55% 63
Terraform	1.5% 61
Ant	1.45% 59
Meson	1.45% 59
QMake	1.13% 46
Bun	0.96% 39
Catch2	0.71% 29
doctest	0.64% 26
Dagger	0.61% 25
Boost.Test	0.59% 24
Chef	0.47% 19
Puppet	0.44% 18
Wasmer	0.44% 18
bandit	0.39% 16
cppunit	0.39% 16
SCons	0.34% 14
CUTE	0.27% 11
ELFspy	0.25% 10
tunit	0.25% 10
Pulumi	0.22% 9
build2	0.22% 9
lest	0.22% 9
snitch	0.2% 8
liblittletest	0.17% 7

% Percentages # Responses

4,370 responses

npm	38.12% 1,666
Pip	37.48% 1,638
Docker	36.77% 1,607
Make	23.23% 1,015
GNU GCC	20.53% 897
Cargo	18.72% 818
CMake	18.4% 804
Homebrew	15.22% 665
Visual Studio Solution	14.53% 635
Gradle	13.04% 570
Yarn	12.91% 564
Vite	11.6% 507
Maven (build tool)	11.44% 500
Kubernetes	11.4% 498
Pacman	11.24% 491
Unity 3D	10.66% 466
APT	10.37% 453
LLVM's Clang	10.21% 446
Webpack	9.61% 420
Ansible	8.83% 386
Chocolatey	8.7% 380
NuGet	8.54% 373
Terraform	7% 306
MSVC	5.7% 249
MSBuild	5.68% 248
Godot	5.58% 244
pnpm	5.31% 232
Unreal Engine	5.03% 220
Composer	4.76% 208
Ninja	4.14% 181
Podman	4.12% 180
Nix	2.68% 117
Ant	2.63% 115
Meson	2.4% 105
Google Test	2.06% 90
Puppet	1.65% 72
QMake	1.35% 59
Bun	1.12% 49
Chef	0.89% 39
Wasmer	0.73% 32
Catch2	0.69% 30
Boost.Test	0.62% 27
doctest	0.59% 26
SCons	0.57% 25
bandit	0.5% 22
Pulumi	0.48% 21
build2	0.43% 19
Dagger	0.39% 17
cppunit	0.37% 16
CUTE	0.16% 7
ELFspy	0.16% 7
lest	0.14% 6
liblittletest	0.09% 4
tunit	0.09% 4
snitch	0.07% 3

% Percentages # Responses

Integrated development environment

Visual Studio Code remains the preferred IDE across all developers, increasing its use among those learning to code compared to professional developers (78% vs. 74%).

86,544 responses

Visual Studio Code	73.71% 63,793
Visual Studio	28.43% 24,605
IntelliJ IDEA	26.82% 23,209
Notepad++	24.54% 21,240
Vim	22.29% 19,294
Android Studio	16.82% 14,553
PyCharm	14.63% 12,658
Jupyter Notebook/JupyterLab	12.74% 11,024
Sublime Text	12.61% 10,914
Neovim	11.88% 10,282
Eclipse	9.9% 8,565
Xcode	9.45% 8,180
Nano	8.98% 7,769
WebStorm	7.38% 6,388
PhpStorm	6.09% 5,274
Atom	5.63% 4,874
Rider	5.57% 4,819
DataGrip	5.08% 4,396
CLion	4.9% 4,240
IPython	4.88% 4,226
Emacs	4.69% 4,058
VSCodium	4.19% 3,627
Goland	3.23% 2,795
Netbeans	3.19% 2,760
RStudio	2.71% 2,343
Code::Blocks	2.4% 2,077
Qt Creator	2.35% 2,031
Rad Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder)	2.27% 1,961
Fleet	1.9% 1,642
Helix	1.61% 1,391
Kate	1.58% 1,367
Spyder	1.47% 1,273
RubyMine	1.29% 1,115
Geany	0.97% 841
BBEdit	0.83% 722
TextMate	0.68% 592
Micro	0.64% 551
Nova	0.29% 250
condo	0.18% 152

% Percentages # Responses

Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.

66,469 responses

Visual Studio Code	74.09% 49,244
Visual Studio	28.74% 19,106
IntelliJ IDEA	28.06% 18,649
Notepad++	24.49% 16,276
Vim	22.59% 15,018
Android Studio	16.82% 11,181
PyCharm	13.35% 8,875
Sublime Text	12.73% 8,460
Jupyter Notebook/JupyterLab	11.2% 7,443
Neovim	11.14% 7,406
Xcode	10.34% 6,872
Eclipse	9.69% 6,439
Nano	8.54% 5,678
WebStorm	8.08% 5,373
PhpStorm	6.92% 4,600
Rider	6.31% 4,192
DataGrip	5.81% 3,859
Atom	4.95% 3,289
CLion	4.62% 3,068
Emacs	4.47% 2,968
IPython	4.34% 2,884
Goland	3.64% 2,420
VSCodium	3.34% 2,222
Netbeans	3.09% 2,054
Rad Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder)	2.29% 1,519
Qt Creator	2.18% 1,447
RStudio	1.93% 1,285
Fleet	1.82% 1,213
Code::Blocks	1.62% 1,076
RubyMine	1.47% 980
Helix	1.38% 919
Kate	1.3% 863
Spyder	1.01% 674
BBEdit	0.79% 523
Geany	0.71% 472
TextMate	0.7% 463
Micro	0.48% 316
Nova	0.27% 178
condo	0.11% 75

% Percentages # Responses

Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.

4,771 responses

Visual Studio Code	78.39% 3,740
Visual Studio	31.29% 1,493
IntelliJ IDEA	25.49% 1,216
PyCharm	21.44% 1,023
Notepad++	20.86% 995
Android Studio	19.2% 916
Vim	16.45% 785
Jupyter Notebook/JupyterLab	15.45% 737
Neovim	13.96% 666
Sublime Text	12.76% 609
Eclipse	11.21% 535
Atom	8.61% 411
Nano	8.45% 403
Code::Blocks	7.94% 379
VSCodium	6.73% 321
CLion	6.16% 294
WebStorm	5.62% 268
Netbeans	4.78% 228
Xcode	4.67% 223
IPython	3.88% 185
Emacs	3.86% 184
RStudio	3.48% 166
PhpStorm	3.37% 161
Rider	3% 143
Qt Creator	2.41% 115
DataGrip	2.39% 114
Spyder	2.28% 109
Helix	2.05% 98
Kate	2.03% 97
Fleet	1.99% 95
Geany	1.53% 73
Goland	1.32% 63
Micro	1.07% 51
Rad Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder)	0.69% 33
condo	0.57% 27
RubyMine	0.44% 21
BBEdit	0.4% 19
TextMate	0.36% 17
Nova	0.31% 15

% Percentages # Responses

Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.

4,997 responses

Visual Studio Code	70.8% 3,538
Visual Studio	26.98% 1,348
Notepad++	25.62% 1,280
Vim	22.39% 1,119
IntelliJ IDEA	22.13% 1,106
Jupyter Notebook/JupyterLab	18.93% 946
PyCharm	18.57% 928
Android Studio	15.93% 796
Neovim	13.93% 696
Sublime Text	12.15% 607
Nano	11.59% 579
Eclipse	10.53% 526
IPython	7.78% 389
Atom	7.66% 383
VSCodium	7.16% 358
Xcode	6.86% 343
RStudio	5.82% 291
CLion	5.72% 286
Emacs	5.68% 284
WebStorm	4.7% 235
Code::Blocks	3.84% 192
PhpStorm	3.42% 171
Spyder	3.2% 160
Netbeans	3.04% 152
Rider	2.96% 148
DataGrip	2.94% 147
Qt Creator	2.9% 145
Kate	2.7% 135
Rad Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder)	2.52% 126
Helix	2.42% 121
Fleet	2.34% 117
Goland	2.2% 110
Geany	2.04% 102
Micro	1.22% 61
BBEdit	1.2% 60
TextMate	0.8% 40
RubyMine	0.72% 36
Nova	0.46% 23
condo	0.32% 16

% Percentages # Responses

Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.

Asynchronous tools

People who are learning to code are using GitHub Discussions more than markdown files (31% vs. 29%) and turn to Notion (26%) and Trello (23%) more than professional developers.

71,878 responses

Jira	52.37% 37,642
Confluence	34.16% 24,551
Markdown File	26.17% 18,813
Trello	19.36% 13,919
Notion	17.8% 12,793
GitHub Discussions	16.98% 12,205
Azure Devops	15.56% 11,186
Miro	14.55% 10,458
Wikis	7.46% 5,364
Asana	5.04% 3,624
Clickup	4.02% 2,887
Doxygen	3.73% 2,683
Redmine	2.68% 1,929
Monday.com	2.63% 1,887
Stack Overflow for Teams	2.52% 1,813
YouTrack	2.39% 1,718
Microsoft Planner	2.28% 1,639
Airtable	2.13% 1,530
Linear	2.07% 1,490
Basecamp	1.61% 1,156
Microsoft Lists	1.04% 747
Smartsheet	1.02% 731
Shortcut	0.96% 687
Wrike	0.52% 373
Adobe Workfront	0.5% 360
Redocly	0.3% 216
Document360	0.25% 177
Nuclino	0.25% 177
Swit	0.16% 114
Dingtalk (Teambition)	0.15% 107
Tettra	0.13% 97
Workzone	0.13% 92
Planview Projectplace Or Clarizen	0.11% 81
Wimi	0.08% 57
Cerri	0.07% 53
Leankor	0.06% 46

% Percentages # Responses

Which collaborative work management and/or code documentation tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

58,928 responses

Jira	58.03% 34,195
Confluence	37.73% 22,235
Markdown File	25.03% 14,748
Trello	19.08% 11,241
Notion	17.83% 10,508
Azure Devops	17.13% 10,096
Miro	15.78% 9,301
GitHub Discussions	15.46% 9,111
Wikis	7.21% 4,248
Asana	5.27% 3,103
Clickup	4.17% 2,457
Doxygen	3.53% 2,078
Redmine	2.82% 1,660
Monday.com	2.66% 1,567
Stack Overflow for Teams	2.48% 1,460
YouTrack	2.44% 1,439
Linear	2.31% 1,359
Airtable	2.09% 1,233
Microsoft Planner	1.91% 1,123
Basecamp	1.66% 980
Shortcut	1.03% 609
Smartsheet	0.9% 531
Microsoft Lists	0.77% 456
Wrike	0.51% 298
Adobe Workfront	0.33% 193
Redocly	0.31% 181
Nuclino	0.23% 136
Document360	0.19% 111
Swit	0.12% 68
Tettra	0.11% 65
Dingtalk (Teambition)	0.11% 63
Workzone	0.09% 51
Planview Projectplace Or Clarizen	0.08% 48
Wimi	0.05% 29
Cerri	0.05% 28
Leankor	0.04% 25

% Percentages # Responses

Which collaborative work management and/or code documentation tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

2,730 responses

GitHub Discussions	26.81% 732
Markdown File	24.51% 669
Notion	22.05% 602
Trello	19.56% 534
Jira	12.64% 345
Miro	5.46% 149
Azure Devops	5.09% 139
Confluence	4.73% 129
Stack Overflow for Teams	4.25% 116
Wikis	4.14% 113
Doxygen	4.07% 111
Clickup	3.88% 106
Asana	3.22% 88
Adobe Workfront	2.56% 70
Microsoft Planner	2.38% 65
YouTrack	2.16% 59
Airtable	1.94% 53
Microsoft Lists	1.79% 49
Monday.com	1.76% 48
Basecamp	1.03% 28
Document360	0.99% 27
Redmine	0.84% 23
Shortcut	0.84% 23
Smartsheet	0.84% 23
Wrike	0.7% 19
Linear	0.62% 17
Dingtalk (Teambition)	0.59% 16
Swit	0.55% 15
Nuclino	0.51% 14
Workzone	0.51% 14
Planview Projectplace Or Clarizen	0.48% 13
Redocly	0.44% 12
Wimi	0.4% 11
Tettra	0.37% 10
Cerri	0.29% 8
Leankor	0.29% 8

% Percentages # Responses

Which collaborative work management and/or code documentation tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

3,319 responses

Markdown File	33.59% 1,115
Jira	30.46% 1,011
GitHub Discussions	23.29% 773
Confluence	21.54% 715
Trello	21.42% 711
Notion	16.48% 547
Wikis	10.03% 333
Miro	9.31% 309
Azure Devops	8.53% 283
Doxygen	4.55% 151
Microsoft Planner	4.28% 142
Asana	3.92% 130
Clickup	3.37% 112
Monday.com	2.95% 98
Redmine	2.71% 90
Stack Overflow for Teams	2.71% 90
YouTrack	2.59% 86
Airtable	2.53% 84
Microsoft Lists	2.47% 82
Smartsheet	1.93% 64
Basecamp	1.54% 51
Linear	1.18% 39
Adobe Workfront	0.84% 28
Shortcut	0.48% 16
Wrike	0.48% 16
Document360	0.45% 15
Dingtalk (Teambition)	0.39% 13
Nuclino	0.39% 13
Swit	0.36% 12
Workzone	0.33% 11
Planview Projectplace Or Clarizen	0.27% 9
Tettra	0.24% 8
Redocly	0.21% 7
Cerri	0.18% 6
Leankor	0.15% 5
Wimi	0.15% 5

% Percentages # Responses

Which collaborative work management and/or code documentation tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

Synchronous tools

The three most popular synchronous tools are universal for all respondents: Microsoft Teams, Slack, and Zoom. Zoom was top of the list last year but is third place this year with about 10 percentage points fewer people having worked with it in the past year.

For those learning, Discord and Whatsapp are used more than any of the top three (70% and 45% respectively).

84,152 responses

Microsoft Teams	51.71% 43,511
Slack	47.59% 40,048
Zoom	45.25% 38,078
Discord	40.26% 33,882
Google Meet	36.22% 30,484
Whatsapp	30.47% 25,640
Telegram	18.91% 15,909
Skype	13.65% 11,488
Signal	11.66% 9,809
Google Chat	11.01% 9,261
Cisco Webex Teams	7.17% 6,031
Mattermost	3.87% 3,256
Jitsi	3.6% 3,029
Matrix	3.32% 2,791
IRC	3.01% 2,533
Rocketchat	1.68% 1,415
Zulip	1.33% 1,116
Ringcentral	0.53% 445
Symphony	0.4% 340
Wire	0.31% 264
Wickr	0.25% 214
Unify Circuit	0.1% 83
Coolfire Core	0.08% 66

% Percentages # Responses

Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

65,333 responses

Microsoft Teams	54.4% 35,543
Slack	53.63% 35,035
Zoom	45.73% 29,876
Google Meet	38.32% 25,036
Discord	35.42% 23,139
Whatsapp	28.17% 18,407
Telegram	17.84% 11,654
Skype	13.99% 9,137
Signal	11.35% 7,415
Google Chat	11.12% 7,267
Cisco Webex Teams	6.94% 4,534
Mattermost	4.13% 2,695
Jitsi	3.62% 2,362
Matrix	2.77% 1,811
IRC	2.59% 1,694
Rocketchat	1.78% 1,165
Zulip	1.3% 849
Ringcentral	0.53% 344
Symphony	0.41% 265
Wire	0.27% 175
Wickr	0.22% 141
Unify Circuit	0.07% 45
Coolfire Core	0.05% 32

% Percentages # Responses

Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

4,391 responses

Discord	68.12% 2,991
Whatsapp	43.52% 1,911
Zoom	39.26% 1,724
Google Meet	31.97% 1,404
Microsoft Teams	31.54% 1,385
Telegram	27.88% 1,224
Slack	18.56% 815
Skype	10.93% 480
Google Chat	9.93% 436
Signal	8.49% 373
Cisco Webex Teams	5.35% 235
Matrix	3.26% 143
IRC	2.6% 114
Jitsi	1.91% 84
Mattermost	1.41% 62
Zulip	1.09% 48
Rocketchat	0.61% 27
Wire	0.59% 26
Wickr	0.41% 18
Ringcentral	0.39% 17
Symphony	0.39% 17
Coolfire Core	0.32% 14
Unify Circuit	0.32% 14

% Percentages # Responses

Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

4,707 responses

Discord	54.77% 2,578
Microsoft Teams	45.74% 2,153
Zoom	44.76% 2,107
Whatsapp	36.88% 1,736
Slack	29.68% 1,397
Google Meet	28.04% 1,320
Telegram	21.82% 1,027
Signal	14.66% 690
Skype	12.92% 608
Google Chat	10.75% 506
Cisco Webex Teams	8.22% 387
Matrix	5.99% 282
IRC	4.89% 230
Jitsi	4.19% 197
Mattermost	3.51% 165
Rocketchat	1.72% 81
Zulip	1.57% 74
Ringcentral	0.74% 35
Wire	0.62% 29
Symphony	0.53% 25
Wickr	0.4% 19
Coolfire Core	0.17% 8
Unify Circuit	0.15% 7

% Percentages # Responses

Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

Operating system

Windows is the most popular operating system for developers, across both personal and professional use.

87,222 responses

	Windows
Personal use	59.72% 52,086
Professional use	46.91% 40,917
	MacOS
Personal use	32.57% 28,407
Professional use	33% 28,786
	Ubuntu
Personal use	27.28% 23,791
Professional use	26.69% 23,281
	Android
Personal use	17.59% 15,343
Professional use	8.23% 7,175
	Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL)
Personal use	16.87% 14,710
Professional use	15.68% 13,674
	iOS
Personal use	11.74% 10,237
Professional use	7.37% 6,429
	Debian
Personal use	8.39% 7,317
Professional use	8.09% 7,059
	Other Linux-based
Personal use	8.16% 7,115
Professional use	7.7% 6,712
	Arch
Personal use	8.06% 7,029
Professional use	4.37% 3,809
	iPadOS
Personal use	5.68% 4,956
Professional use	2.77% 2,418
	Red Hat
Personal use	2.14% 1,864
Professional use	4.64% 4,043
	Fedora
Personal use	4.37% 3,812
Professional use	3.05% 2,662
	ChromeOS
Personal use	1.88% 1,636
Professional use	1.06% 927
	Cygwin
Personal use	1.04% 908
Professional use	0.92% 805
	BSD
Personal use	0.96% 839
Professional use	0.59% 517
	AIX
Personal use	0.29% 251
Professional use	0.41% 355
	Solaris
Personal use	0.32% 280
Professional use	0.36% 318
	Haiku
Personal use	0.2% 176
Professional use	0.08% 74

% Percentages # Responses

What is the primary operating system in which you work?

AI Search Tools

This is a new section this year, and respondents' top choice for AI search tools is ChatGPT: 83% of respondents have used it in the past year. This is above and beyond the second choice of Bing AI with 20% having used it.

The hype around emerging AI search technology has room to grow while the ChatGPT competitors grow their user base; only four tools had 10% or higher selection for those that want to try it in the next year.

63,024 responses

ChatGPT	83.24% 52,462
Bing AI	20.6% 12,981
WolframAlpha	13.36% 8,419
Google Bard AI	9.86% 6,217
Phind	3.28% 2,067
You.com	2.54% 1,601
Other (please specify)	1.29% 815
Perplexity AI	1.17% 739
Quora Poe	1.02% 643
Neeva AI	0.46% 289
Andi	0.31% 193
Metaphor	0.2% 126

% Percentages # Responses

Which AI-powered search tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply.

47,195 responses

ChatGPT	83.25% 39,288
Bing AI	18.8% 8,871
WolframAlpha	11.15% 5,261
Google Bard AI	9.13% 4,308
Phind	3.11% 1,470
You.com	2.17% 1,025
Other (please specify)	1.21% 569
Perplexity AI	0.97% 458
Quora Poe	0.77% 362
Neeva AI	0.36% 170
Andi	0.2% 96
Metaphor	0.13% 61

% Percentages # Responses

Which AI-powered search tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply.

4,214 responses

ChatGPT	85.07% 3,585
Bing AI	28.71% 1,210
WolframAlpha	14.59% 615
Google Bard AI	13.17% 555
Phind	4.79% 202
You.com	4.56% 192
Quora Poe	2.52% 106
Perplexity AI	2.11% 89
Other (please specify)	1.21% 51
Andi	0.97% 41
Neeva AI	0.95% 40
Metaphor	0.66% 28

% Percentages # Responses

Which AI-powered search tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply.

3,839 responses

ChatGPT	82.5% 3,167
Bing AI	24.2% 929
WolframAlpha	21.67% 832
Google Bard AI	11.36% 436
You.com	3.41% 131
Phind	3.13% 120
Perplexity AI	1.88% 72
Other (please specify)	1.43% 55
Quora Poe	1.35% 52
Neeva AI	0.52% 20
Andi	0.44% 17
Metaphor	0.29% 11

% Percentages # Responses

Which AI-powered search tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply.

AI Developer Tools

In addition to asking about search tools beginning this year, we also asked about AI developer tools. GitHub Copilot is the overall pick for most used AI developer tool with 55% of respondents using it this past year, quadrupling the second top pick of Tabnine at 13%.

Those learning are using Tabnine a little more (18%) and Copilot a little less (45%), possibly due to costs associated with Copilot.

40,307 responses

GitHub Copilot	54.77% 22,078
Tabnine	12.88% 5,193
AWS CodeWhisperer	5.14% 2,071
Other (please specify)	1.92% 773
Synk Code	1.33% 538
Codeium	1.25% 504
Whispr AI	1.13% 455
Replit Ghostwriter	0.83% 335
Mintlify	0.52% 211
Adrenaline	0.43% 174
Rubber Duck.AI	0.37% 151

% Percentages # Responses

Which AI-powered developer tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

31,105 responses

GitHub Copilot	56.04% 17,432
Tabnine	11.74% 3,651
AWS CodeWhisperer	4.91% 1,527
Other (please specify)	1.83% 568
Synk Code	1.33% 413
Codeium	1.07% 333
Whispr AI	0.9% 280
Replit Ghostwriter	0.47% 145
Mintlify	0.44% 138
Adrenaline	0.3% 94
Rubber Duck.AI	0.25% 79

% Percentages # Responses

Which AI-powered developer tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

2,577 responses

GitHub Copilot	45.05% 1,161
Tabnine	17.85% 460
AWS CodeWhisperer	6.79% 175
Codeium	2.17% 56
Replit Ghostwriter	2.17% 56
Whispr AI	1.86% 48
Other (please specify)	1.79% 46
Synk Code	1.51% 39
Adrenaline	1.24% 32
Mintlify	0.97% 25
Rubber Duck.AI	0.89% 23

% Percentages # Responses

Which AI-powered developer tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

2,191 responses

GitHub Copilot	51.89% 1,137
Tabnine	17.39% 381
AWS CodeWhisperer	5.11% 112
Other (please specify)	2.28% 50
Codeium	2.05% 45
Whispr AI	2.01% 44
Replit Ghostwriter	1.96% 43
Synk Code	1.23% 27
Rubber Duck.AI	0.87% 19
Adrenaline	0.82% 18
Mintlify	0.59% 13

% Percentages # Responses

Which AI-powered developer tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

Technology

Admired and Desired

In addition to reporting what popular technologies developers used in the past year, we have some technologies/tools that developers are currently using and know they want to use again in the future.

This year we added a new section to the survey results for technology trends for those who have used or want to use programming languages, tools, environments, libraries, etc. that we have dubbed “Admired and Desired”. To better gauge hype versus reality, we created a visualization that shows the distance between the proportion of respondents who want to use a technology (“desired”) and the proportion of users that have used the same technology in the past year and want to continue using it (“admired”). Wide distances means that momentum generated by the hype grows with hands-on use, and shorter distances means that the hype is doing much of the heavy lifting as far as general popularity is concerned. For example, we can see JavaScript, our most used programming language since 2011, has a relatively short distance between admired and desired (<10 percentage points), while Rust, a top choice for developers who want to use a new technology for the past 8 years, shows a wide distance (>60 percentage points); Rust is a language that generates for desire to use it once you get to know it than JavaScript. Seeing this growth in admiration for certain technologies gives us insight into what has staying power and what needs help in order to generate coveted evangelists to convert new users that will stick around.

This new visualization of the data replaces the old Loved, Dreaded, Wanted analysis.

79,679 responses

Desired

Admired

Developers want to continue using GitHub Copilot and, in a flip, we see more developers overall who want to try it over the next year than those currently using Copilot.

39,615 responses

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Desired

Admired

Which AI-powered developer tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

Technology

Worked with vs. want to work with

Developers are naturally curious and interested in new technologies. We look at what technologies they are interested in trying based on what they are using now.

Programming, scripting, and markup languages

A lot of our top used programming languages are popular because those that use them want to use them again. JavaScript, TypeScript, and HTML/CSS users all selected these three languages as their top three they want to use next year.

85,221 responses

Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.

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65,456 responses

Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.

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4,590 responses

Minimum 500 respondents per connection.

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4,951 responses

Minimum 500 respondents per connection.

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Databases

~11K PostgreSQL users want to use Redis next year and ~9K Redis users want to use PostgreSQL next year, an indication of complementary database environments among our top ten.

69,380 responses

Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.

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55,396 responses

Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.

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2,869 responses

Minimum 500 respondents per connection.

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2,945 responses

Minimum 500 respondents per connection.

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Cloud platforms

~14K AWS developers—a little less than half—want to develop in Google Cloud or Microsoft Azure next year.

62,373 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

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50,641 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

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2,352 responses

Minimum 100 respondents per connection.

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2,903 responses

Minimum 100 respondents per connection.

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Web frameworks and technologies

More jQuery users want to use Node.js or React next year rather than jQuery.

60,821 responses

Minimum 4,000 respondents per connection.

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48,412 responses

Minimum 4,000 respondents per connection.

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2,203 responses

Minimum 400 respondents per connection.

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1,891 responses

Minimum 400 respondents per connection.

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Other frameworks and libraries

The top three selections .NET(5+) users want to use next year are .NET(5+), .NET MAUI, and .NET Framework (1.0 - 4.8). .NET favoritism is strong within their community.

55,345 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

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43,363 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

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2,081 responses

Minimum 100 respondents per connection.

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2,945 responses

Minimum 100 respondents per connection.

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Other tools

We see a lot of people working with npm, Kubernetes, and Docker who also want to work with those same technologies.

76,132 responses

Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.

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59,532 responses

Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.

2,863 responses

Minimum 500 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.

3,489 responses

Minimum 500 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.

Integrated development environment

More than half of Visual Studio users want to use VS Code next year, while just 20% of VS Code users want to use Visual Studio next year. VS Code has a wide array of extensions and plugins unlike Visual Studio, making it more compatible for more developer needs.

83,473 responses

Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.

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Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.

63,324 responses

Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.

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Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.

4,432 responses

Minimum 500 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.

Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.

4,668 responses

Minimum 500 respondents per connection.

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Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.

Asynchronous tools

Jira and Confluence are most closely interconnected, which makes sense given they are under the same company.

We see interest in working with other asynchronous tools, likely because each of these tools serves a different purpose in a developer’s workflow.

67,381 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

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Which collaborative work management and/or code documentation tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

55,857 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

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1,964 responses

Minimum 100 respondents per connection.

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Which collaborative work management and/or code documentation tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

2,919 responses

Minimum 100 respondents per connection.

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Which collaborative work management and/or code documentation tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

Synchronous tools

Discord is the third pick for synch tools users want to use next year for all three of the top synch tools users have used this past year: Microsoft Teams, Slack, and Zoom.

83,345 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

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Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

64,885 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

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Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

4,225 responses

Minimum 100 respondents per connection.

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Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

4,648 responses

Minimum 100 respondents per connection.

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Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

AI Search Tools

42% of ChatGPT users want to use Google Bard or Bing AI next year. These users are enjoying their experience: 79% want to use ChatGPT again next year.

56,181 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

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Which AI-powered search tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply.

41,687 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

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Which AI-powered search tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply.

3,839 responses

Minimum 100 respondents per connection.

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Which AI-powered search tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply.

3,482 responses

Minimum 100 respondents per connection.

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Which AI-powered search tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply.

AI Developer Tools

70%+ of GitHub Copilot users want to use it again next year.

25,208 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

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19,084 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

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1,480 responses

Minimum 100 respondents per connection.

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Which AI-powered developer tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

1,320 responses

Minimum 100 respondents per connection.

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Which AI-powered developer tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

Technology

Top paying technologies

Zig is the highest-paid language to know this year (a new addition), while Clojure gets knocked from the top spot with a 10% decrease from 2022.

Dart and SAS saw the highest increase in median pay during 2023, growing more than 20% year-over-year.

47,883 responses

Zig	$103,611 273
Erlang	$99,492 522
F#	$99,311 507
Ruby	$98,522 3,547
Clojure	$96,381 693
Elixir	$96,381 1,288
Lisp	$96,381 557
Scala	$96,381 1,570
Perl	$94,540 1,193
Go	$92,760 6,916
OCaml	$91,026 246
Objective-C	$90,000 1,203
Flow	$88,934 113
Rust	$87,012 5,413
Swift	$86,897 2,290
Groovy	$86,271 2,007
Bash/Shell (all shells)	$85,672 16,425
Haskell	$85,672 649
Apex	$81,552 313
PowerShell	$81,311 6,979
SAS	$81,000 205
Lua	$80,690 2,314
Nim	$80,000 129
Raku	$79,448 63
Python	$78,331 21,636
Kotlin	$78,207 4,372
APL	$77,500 62
Crystal	$77,104 192
TypeScript	$77,104 20,541
Assembly	$77,010 1,562
Fortran	$76,104 382
Cobol	$76,000 247
C#	$74,963 13,649
C++	$74,963 8,211
Julia	$74,963 401
R	$74,963 1,659
SQL	$74,963 24,852
C	$74,351 6,462
JavaScript	$74,034 30,777
Java	$72,701 13,111
Solidity	$72,656 556
Ada	$71,500 257
HTML/CSS	$70,148 24,660
Prolog	$70,000 248
Delphi	$69,608 1,354
GDScript	$69,608 536
VBA	$65,698 1,626
Visual Basic (.Net)	$65,000 1,856
MATLAB	$61,735 1,241
PHP	$58,899 8,513
Dart	$55,862 2,455

$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses

What is your current total annual compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.

Change in salaries between 2022 and 2023

Median salary for all respondents increased 10% and increased 11% for professional developers.

	SAS
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$64,243 184
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$81,000 205
	Dart
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$43,724 1,989
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$55,862 2,455
	Kotlin
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$69,318 3,413
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$78,207 4,372
	JavaScript
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$65,580 25,147
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$74,034 30,777
	Swift
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$78,468 1,902
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$86,897 2,290
	PHP
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$50,496 7,475
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$58,899 8,513
	Java
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$64,572 11,333
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$72,701 13,111
	R
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$67,734 1,414
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$74,963 1,659
	Python
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$71,105 16,288
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$78,331 21,636
	C
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$67,186 4,988
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$74,351 6,462
	C++
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$68,000 6,332
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$74,963 8,211
	Objective-C
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$83,165 990
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$90,000 1,203
	TypeScript
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$70,276 15,077
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$77,104 20,541
	HTML/CSS
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$63,984 20,231
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$70,148 24,660
	SQL
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$69,108 20,150
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$74,963 24,852
	Delphi
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$63,984 1,161
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$69,608 1,354
	Ruby
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$93,000 2,850
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$98,522 3,547
	C#
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$69,516 11,121
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$74,963 13,649
	Haskell
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$80,250 530
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$85,672 649
	Perl
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$90,073 894
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$94,540 1,193
	MATLAB
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$57,588 1,039
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$61,735 1,241
	OCaml
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$86,948 132
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$91,026 246
	F#
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$95,526 426
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$99,311 507
	Scala
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$92,780 1,135
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$96,381 1,570
	Go
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$89,204 4,567
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$92,760 6,916
	Elixir
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$92,959 995
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$96,381 1,288
	VBA
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$62,328 1,652
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$65,698 1,626
	PowerShell
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$78,084 4,934
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$81,311 6,979
	Solidity
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$70,368 439
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$72,656 556
	Assembly
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$75,000 1,202
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$77,010 1,562
	APL
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$75,932 128
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$77,500 62
	Lua
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$79,568 1,130
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$80,690 2,314
	Groovy
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$85,320 1,605
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$86,271 2,007
	Rust
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$87,047 3,076
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$87,012 5,413
	Julia
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$77,966 426
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$74,963 401
	Erlang
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$103,000 371
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$99,492 522
	Fortran
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$80,000 292
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$76,104 382
	Crystal
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$84,690 162
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$77,104 192
	Clojure
2022 Median yearly salary (USD)	$106,644 681
2023 Median yearly salary (USD)	$96,381 693

$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses

AI

This was a new section for 2023 – we have a deeper dive into all of this data on our Stack Overflow Labs write-up.

We wanted to gain insight into the real sentiments behind this year’s surge in AI popularity. Is it making a real impact in the way developers work or is it all hype?

Sentiment and usage

We asked a number of questions this year about perceptions of AI, how AI tools may or may not impact developer workflows, and more. We have a deeper dive into all of this data on our Stack Overflow Labs write-up

AI tools in the development process

89,184 responses

Yes	43.78% 39,042
No, but I plan to soon	25.46% 22,710
No, and I don't plan to	29.4% 26,221

% Percentages # Responses

Do you currently use AI tools in your development process? *

67,237 responses

Yes	44.17% 29,697
No, but I plan to soon	25.88% 17,401
No, and I don't plan to	29.95% 20,139

% Percentages # Responses

Do you currently use AI tools in your development process? *

4,961 responses

Yes	54.87% 2,722
No, but I plan to soon	27.39% 1,359
No, and I don't plan to	17.74% 880

% Percentages # Responses

Do you currently use AI tools in your development process? *

5,159 responses

Yes	42.12% 2,173
No, but I plan to soon	25.2% 1,300
No, and I don't plan to	32.68% 1,686

% Percentages # Responses

Do you currently use AI tools in your development process? *

AI tool sentiment

77% of all respondents are favorable or very favorable of AI tools for development. Professional developers are more likely to be indifferent than those learning to code (17% vs. 15%).

61,501 responses

Very favorable	27.72% 17,050
Favorable	48.56% 29,863
Indifferent	16.5% 10,147
Unsure	4.02% 2,471
Unfavorable	2.76% 1,698
Very unfavorable	0.44% 272

% Percentages # Responses

How favorable is your stance on using AI tools as part of your development workflow?

46,928 responses

Very favorable	27.71% 13,002
Favorable	48.41% 22,717
Indifferent	16.8% 7,884
Unsure	3.88% 1,821
Unfavorable	2.78% 1,305
Very unfavorable	0.42% 199

% Percentages # Responses

How favorable is your stance on using AI tools as part of your development workflow?

4,047 responses

Very favorable	27.21% 1,101
Favorable	50.06% 2,026
Indifferent	14.58% 590
Unsure	5.14% 208
Unfavorable	2.32% 94
Very unfavorable	0.69% 28

% Percentages # Responses

How favorable is your stance on using AI tools as part of your development workflow?

3,463 responses

Very favorable	28.04% 971
Favorable	48.8% 1,690
Indifferent	15.54% 538
Unsure	4.33% 150
Unfavorable	2.95% 102
Very unfavorable	0.35% 12

% Percentages # Responses

How favorable is your stance on using AI tools as part of your development workflow?

Developer tools

Benefits of AI tools

Increasing productivity is the biggest benefit that developers see from AI tools. Speeding up learning and greater efficiency are tied for secondary benefits.

38,594 responses

Increase productivity	32.81% 32,509
Speed up learning	25.17% 24,938
Greater efficiency	24.96% 24,739
Improve accuracy in coding	13.31% 13,189
Improve collaboration	3.75% 3,721

% Percentages # Responses

For the AI tools you use as part of your development workflow, what are the MOST important benefits you are hoping to achieve? Please check all that apply.

Accuracy of AI tools

We see developers split on their trust in the accuracy of the AI output from tools. About 42% trust the accuracy of the output, while 31% are on the fence.

39,042 responses

Highly trust	2.85% 1,751
Somewhat trust	39.3% 24,128
Neither trust nor distrust	30.68% 18,837
Somewhat distrust	21.71% 13,330
Highly distrust	5.46% 3,350

% Percentages # Responses

How much do you trust the accuracy of the output from AI tools as part of your development workflow?

AI in the development workflow

Those currently using AI tools mostly report benefits for writing code, while those not interested in using AI tools find this the least beneficial. This disconnect most likely is with the fundamental difference of type of developers not interested in using these tools with those that are interested and have more applicable use cases for the current functionality available.

37,726 responses

Writing code	82.55% 31,131
Debugging and getting help	48.89% 18,437
Documenting code	34.37% 12,963
Learning about a codebase	30.1% 11,350
Testing code	23.87% 9,000
Project planning	13.52% 5,097
Committing and reviewing code	10.09% 3,806
Deployment and monitoring	4.74% 1,788
Collaborating with teammates	3.65% 1,377

% Percentages # Responses

Which parts of your development workflow are you currently using AI tools for and which are you interested in using AI tools for over the next year? Please select all that apply.

37,726 responses

Writing code	23.72% 8,945
Debugging and getting help	40.66% 15,335
Documenting code	50.24% 18,945
Learning about a codebase	48.97% 18,467
Testing code	55.17% 20,807
Project planning	38.54% 14,534
Committing and reviewing code	49.51% 18,670
Deployment and monitoring	45.44% 17,137
Collaborating with teammates	29.98% 11,305

% Percentages # Responses

Which parts of your development workflow are you currently using AI tools for and which are you interested in using AI tools for over the next year? Please select all that apply.

37,726 responses

Writing code	4.48% 1,690
Debugging and getting help	6.37% 2,401
Documenting code	8.07% 3,042
Learning about a codebase	13.09% 4,936
Testing code	11.44% 4,316
Project planning	29.77% 11,227
Committing and reviewing code	22.95% 8,654
Deployment and monitoring	28.33% 10,682
Collaborating with teammates	41.38% 15,606

% Percentages # Responses

Which parts of your development workflow are you currently using AI tools for and which are you interested in using AI tools for over the next year? Please select all that apply.

AI tools next year

Regardless of being a professional developer or someone learning to code, people believe that their development workflow will be different in a year because of AI tools.

35,450 responses

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Thinking about how your workflow and process changes over time, how similar or different do you anticipate your workflow to be 1 year from now as a result of AI tools you are currently using?

27,119 responses

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Thinking about how your workflow and process changes over time, how similar or different do you anticipate your workflow to be 1 year from now as a result of AI tools you are currently using?

2,395 responses

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Thinking about how your workflow and process changes over time, how similar or different do you anticipate your workflow to be 1 year from now as a result of AI tools you are currently using?

1,944 responses

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Thinking about how your workflow and process changes over time, how similar or different do you anticipate your workflow to be 1 year from now as a result of AI tools you are currently using?

Work

Employment

Employment status

The costs of investing in oneself has risen with inflation in 2023 but not enough to sway many from the opportunity to level up their developer skills.

87,898 responses

Employed, full-time	69.28% 60,899
Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed	15.91% 13,988
Student, full-time	13.39% 11,768
Employed, part-time	5.72% 5,029
Not employed, but looking for work	4.75% 4,178
Student, part-time	3.86% 3,390
Not employed, and not looking for work	1.57% 1,380
Retired	0.84% 737
I prefer not to say	0.62% 549

% Percentages # Responses

Which of the following best describes your current employment status? Select all that apply.

67,206 responses

Employed, full-time	79.85% 53,663
Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed	17.42% 11,704
Student, full-time	5.55% 3,733
Employed, part-time	5.46% 3,670
Student, part-time	3.06% 2,055
Not employed, but looking for work	2.97% 1,994
Not employed, and not looking for work	0.49% 331
Retired	0.27% 179
I prefer not to say	0.23% 157

% Percentages # Responses

Which of the following best describes your current employment status? Select all that apply.

Employment status by geography

Full-time employment has gone down in the top five countries while Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed has gone up (all less than 1%).

20,984 responses

Employed, full-time	68.91% 14,461
Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed	9.79% 2,055
Student, full-time	9.29% 1,950
Not employed, but looking for work	3.82% 801
Employed, part-time	3.06% 642
Student, part-time	2.04% 428
Retired	1.37% 288
Not employed, and not looking for work	1.16% 244
I prefer not to say	0.55% 115

% Percentages # Responses

Which of the following best describes your current employment status? Select all that apply.

8,538 responses

Employed, full-time	56.41% 4,816
Student, full-time	14.63% 1,249
Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed	10.92% 932
Employed, part-time	10.18% 869
Student, part-time	4.2% 359
Not employed, but looking for work	1.66% 142
Not employed, and not looking for work	1.08% 92
Retired	0.54% 46
I prefer not to say	0.39% 33

% Percentages # Responses

Which of the following best describes your current employment status? Select all that apply.

6,439 responses

Employed, full-time	56.02% 3,607
Student, full-time	17.18% 1,106
Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed	10.47% 674
Not employed, but looking for work	6.93% 446
Student, part-time	3.84% 247
Employed, part-time	3.01% 194
Not employed, and not looking for work	1.63% 105
I prefer not to say	0.81% 52
Retired	0.12% 8

% Percentages # Responses

Which of the following best describes your current employment status? Select all that apply.

6,049 responses

Employed, full-time	67.8% 4,101
Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed	12.38% 749
Student, full-time	10.76% 651
Employed, part-time	2.96% 179
Not employed, but looking for work	2.03% 123
Retired	1.45% 88
Not employed, and not looking for work	1.11% 67
Student, part-time	0.99% 60
I prefer not to say	0.51% 31

% Percentages # Responses

Which of the following best describes your current employment status? Select all that apply.

3,983 responses

Employed, full-time	64.93% 2,586
Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed	12.63% 503
Student, full-time	11.02% 439
Not employed, but looking for work	3.72% 148
Employed, part-time	2.76% 110
Student, part-time	2.21% 88
Not employed, and not looking for work	1.31% 52
Retired	0.83% 33
I prefer not to say	0.6% 24

% Percentages # Responses

Which of the following best describes your current employment status? Select all that apply.

Work environment

73,810 responses

Hybrid (some remote, some in-person)	42.18% 31,131
Remote	41.41% 30,566
In-person	16.41% 12,113

% Percentages # Responses

Which best describes your current work situation?

64,672 responses

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Which best describes your current work situation?

Work

Company info

Company size

40% of respondents work for an organization that has less than 100 employees.

59,336 responses

Just me - I am a freelancer, sole proprietor, etc.	5.35% 3,597
2 to 9 employees	8.92% 6,000
10 to 19 employees	7.41% 4,981
20 to 99 employees	18.64% 12,534
100 to 499 employees	16.75% 11,262
500 to 999 employees	6.06% 4,074
1,000 to 4,999 employees	9.61% 6,463
5,000 to 9,999 employees	3.51% 2,361
10,000 or more employees	10.44% 7,021
I don’t know	1.55% 1,043

% Percentages # Responses

Approximately how many people are employed by the company or organization you currently work for? This should only include your primary company, and not the entire holding or parent company if that applies.

Work

Salary

Salary by developer type

Senior roles like c-suite executives and engineering managers tend to have the highest salaries.

In Germany, engineering managers make comparable salaries to c-suite executives, and in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada we see that Developer Experience professionals have as high or higher salaries than c-suite.

46,411 responses

Median yearly salary in USD

Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.)	$124,753.5 776
Engineering manager	$124,138 1,311
Marketing or sales professional	$116,000 40
Engineer, site reliability	$115,657 319
Developer Experience	$107,090 219
Cloud infrastructure engineer	$105,000 766
Blockchain	$103,743 185
Developer Advocate	$100,312.5 116
Security professional	$99,311 237
Scientist	$92,321 196
Product manager	$88,934 221
Hardware Engineer	$85,672 163
Research & Development role	$85,672 827
Engineer, data	$83,515 904
Data scientist or machine learning specialist	$80,317 992
DevOps specialist	$80,158.5 982
Database administrator	$78,686.5 134
Developer, embedded applications or devices	$77,104 1,267
Developer, back-end	$76,034 9,557
Developer, full-stack	$71,140 17,060
Developer, game or graphics	$71,007 491
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications	$70,759 2,435
Developer, mobile	$68,192.5 1,646
Educator	$65,269.5 156
Developer, QA or test	$63,927 360
Project manager	$63,183 255
Data or business analyst	$61,555 450
Developer, front-end	$59,970 3,271
Designer	$59,815 109
System administrator	$55,764 328
Academic researcher	$53,545 615
Student	$15,421 23

$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses

11,396 responses

Median yearly salary in USD

Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.)	$220,000 224
Developer Experience	$210,000 77
Product manager	$198,500 64
Engineering manager	$195,000 434
Cloud infrastructure engineer	$185,000 258
Engineer, site reliability	$180,000 113
Security professional	$173,000 86
Developer, back-end	$165,000 1,985
Developer, mobile	$163,000 287
Data scientist or machine learning specialist	$160,000 250
DevOps specialist	$160,000 224
Engineer, data	$160,000 248
Research & Development role	$160,000 212
Developer, game or graphics	$158,000 107
Designer	$151,000 32
Developer, embedded applications or devices	$140,000 368
Developer, front-end	$140,000 655
Developer, full-stack	$140,000 4,383
Hardware Engineer	$140,000 61
Scientist	$132,500 82
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications	$130,000 597
Project manager	$125,000 41
Developer, QA or test	$124,000 89
Database administrator	$120,000 46
Data or business analyst	$105,000 143
Educator	$100,000 51
Academic researcher	$90,000 100
System administrator	$87,500 97

$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses

1,834 responses

Median yearly salary in USD

Engineering manager	$42,409 44
DevOps specialist	$26,051 32
Data scientist or machine learning specialist	$24,234 43
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications	$24,234 51
Engineer, data	$23,628 38
Developer, back-end	$21,228.5 414
Developer, full-stack	$16,964 675
Developer, front-end	$15,146 218
Developer, mobile	$13,934 123

$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses

3,853 responses

Median yearly salary in USD

Engineering manager	$107,090 90
Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.)	$104,412.5 62
Data scientist or machine learning specialist	$87,813 69
Engineer, data	$85,672 82
Research & Development role	$85,672 71
Cloud infrastructure engineer	$85,227 74
Developer, mobile	$83,530 119
Developer, back-end	$80,317 690
Project manager	$80,317 32
Developer, embedded applications or devices	$74,963 151
DevOps specialist	$70,679 95
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications	$69,608 280
Developer, full-stack	$69,608 1,400
Developer, front-end	$68,537 225
Developer, game or graphics	$64,254 37
Academic researcher	$62,112 140
System administrator	$56,354 34

$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses

3,399 responses

Median yearly salary in USD

Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.)	$155,173 55
Engineering manager	$117,931 125
Cloud infrastructure engineer	$105,517 49
Developer, mobile	$99,311 96
DevOps specialist	$93,104 69
Developer, back-end	$89,379 745
Data scientist or machine learning specialist	$86,897 77
Research & Development role	$86,897 61
Developer, game or graphics	$82,552 48
Engineer, data	$80,690 81
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications	$77,715 171
Developer, embedded applications or devices	$76,966 98
Developer, full-stack	$74,483 1,271
Developer, front-end	$71,689.5 198
Academic researcher	$52,348 33
Data or business analyst	$46,552 40

$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses

2,016 responses

Median yearly salary in USD

Engineering manager	$126,397 67
Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.)	$120,000 38
Cloud infrastructure engineer	$109,668.5 40
Developer, game or graphics	$107,810 55
Developer, back-end	$104,092 383
Data scientist or machine learning specialist	$97,400 38
Developer, mobile	$92,939 53
Developer, front-end	$85,504 119
DevOps specialist	$84,575 54
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications	$82,530.5 134
Developer, embedded applications or devices	$81,787 41
Developer, full-stack	$81,787 784
Research & Development role	$75,838 38

$ Median yearly salary (USD) # Responses

Salary and experience by developer type

Years of experience continues to be the determining factor in higher salaries. The three highest-paid roles have, on average, more than 11 years of experience.

46,242 responses

Hover over each point for full details. Color scale is logarithmic.

Salary and experience by language

Zig developers are paid the most per years of experience compared to other languages (11 years average) with the same or more experience. Raku and Cobol developers have much more experience (19 years average) but make at least 25% less.

46,151 responses

Hover over each point for full details. Color scale is logarithmic.

Work

Purchasing technology

Influence on technology purchases

Similarly to last year, 66% of Professional Developers have at least some influence over their organization’s purchases of new technologies.

Developer positions with the most influence are senior executives and engineering managers; 99% of senior-level positions have some or a great deal of influence when purchasing new technologies, followed by 86% of engineering managers.

64,964 responses

I have little or no influence	34.99% 22,734
I have some influence	41.26% 26,805
I have a great deal of influence	23.74% 15,425

% Percentages # Responses

What level of influence do you, personally, have over new technology purchases at your organization?

62,455 responses

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What level of influence do you, personally, have over new technology purchases at your organization?

Short list or investigate new tech purchases

Most respondents investigate new technology purchases on their own (80%) instead of relying on a list provided to them.

60,851 responses

Investigate	80.87% 49,212
Given a list	13.04% 7,935
Other	6.09% 3,704

% Percentages # Responses

When thinking about new technology purchases at your organization, are you more likely to be given a short list of products/services to evaluate or be told to investigate on your own?

50,089 responses

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When thinking about new technology purchases at your organization, are you more likely to be given a short list of products/services to evaluate or be told to investigate on your own?

Researching new tools and technologies

Starting a free trial is the most common way to evaluate new tools and is up 2% among all respondents from last year's survey.

Full-stack and mobile developers prefer to start a free trial, while SRE and embedded application developers are more likely to ask a colleague/friend, indicating a need for different perspectives in the research process for certain roles.

83,009 responses

Start a free trial	73.74% 61,210
Ask developers I know/work with	71.02% 58,955
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	64.11% 53,221
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	33.64% 27,928
Ask a generative AI tool	15.39% 12,775
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	14.86% 12,338
Research companies that have emailed me	5.46% 4,533

% Percentages # Responses

When buying a new tool or software, how do you discover and research available solutions? Select all that apply.

69,556 responses

	Academic researcher
Start a free trial	66.58% 805
Ask developers I know/work with	71.13% 860
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	63.36% 766
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	30.93% 374
Ask a generative AI tool	11.17% 135
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	11.33% 137
Research companies that have emailed me	5.21% 63
	Blockchain
Start a free trial	68.79% 205
Ask developers I know/work with	71.14% 212
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	50.67% 151
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	34.9% 104
Ask a generative AI tool	26.51% 79
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	15.1% 45
Research companies that have emailed me	5.7% 17
	Cloud infrastructure engineer
Start a free trial	73.18% 715
Ask developers I know/work with	74.51% 728
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	64.79% 633
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	31.63% 309
Ask a generative AI tool	13.61% 133
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	15.97% 156
Research companies that have emailed me	6.86% 67
	Data or business analyst
Start a free trial	72.24% 557
Ask developers I know/work with	66.15% 510
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	64.98% 501
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	31.91% 246
Ask a generative AI tool	16.34% 126
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	19.58% 151
Research companies that have emailed me	8.69% 67
	Data scientist or machine learning specialist
Start a free trial	69.78% 1,037
Ask developers I know/work with	73.35% 1,090
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	66.15% 983
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	31.02% 461
Ask a generative AI tool	20.19% 300
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	16.69% 248
Research companies that have emailed me	7.34% 109
	Database administrator
Start a free trial	76.86% 186
Ask developers I know/work with	64.05% 155
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	59.5% 144
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	30.17% 73
Ask a generative AI tool	9.09% 22
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	16.12% 39
Research companies that have emailed me	8.26% 20
	Designer
Start a free trial	80.23% 211
Ask developers I know/work with	54.75% 144
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	55.89% 147
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	36.88% 97
Ask a generative AI tool	17.11% 45
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	15.97% 42
Research companies that have emailed me	7.6% 20
	DevOps specialist
Start a free trial	75.85% 1,005
Ask developers I know/work with	76.08% 1,008
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	68.45% 907
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	36.68% 486
Ask a generative AI tool	14.11% 187
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	15.92% 211
Research companies that have emailed me	6.87% 91
	Developer Advocate
Start a free trial	81.34% 170
Ask developers I know/work with	79.43% 166
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	51.2% 107
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	33.97% 71
Ask a generative AI tool	13.88% 29
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	16.75% 35
Research companies that have emailed me	6.7% 14
	Developer Experience
Start a free trial	75.25% 225
Ask developers I know/work with	78.93% 236
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	59.53% 178
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	31.77% 95
Ask a generative AI tool	15.05% 45
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	19.73% 59
Research companies that have emailed me	8.36% 25
	Developer, QA or test
Start a free trial	75.5% 416
Ask developers I know/work with	74.59% 411
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	64.79% 357
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	33.03% 182
Ask a generative AI tool	15.06% 83
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	13.43% 74
Research companies that have emailed me	4.9% 27
	Developer, back-end
Start a free trial	76.38% 9,797
Ask developers I know/work with	77.88% 9,989
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	63.23% 8,110
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	30.2% 3,874
Ask a generative AI tool	12.85% 1,648
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	12.55% 1,610
Research companies that have emailed me	4.01% 514
	Developer, desktop or enterprise applications
Start a free trial	78.13% 2,869
Ask developers I know/work with	68.63% 2,520
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	69.85% 2,565
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	32.57% 1,196
Ask a generative AI tool	9.89% 363
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	15.47% 568
Research companies that have emailed me	4.98% 183
	Developer, embedded applications or devices
Start a free trial	70.47% 1,193
Ask developers I know/work with	78.56% 1,330
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	70.05% 1,186
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	29.83% 505
Ask a generative AI tool	8.74% 148
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	13.76% 233
Research companies that have emailed me	5.38% 91
	Developer, front-end
Start a free trial	76.48% 3,635
Ask developers I know/work with	72.42% 3,442
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	59.27% 2,817
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	32.55% 1,547
Ask a generative AI tool	16.66% 792
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	14.31% 680
Research companies that have emailed me	4.12% 196
	Developer, full-stack
Start a free trial	78.28% 19,215
Ask developers I know/work with	73.85% 18,129
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	66.07% 16,217
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	34.44% 8,453
Ask a generative AI tool	15.57% 3,823
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	14.71% 3,611
Research companies that have emailed me	4.84% 1,187
	Developer, game or graphics
Start a free trial	74.18% 612
Ask developers I know/work with	74.67% 616
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	60.24% 497
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	32.48% 268
Ask a generative AI tool	13.7% 113
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	11.39% 94
Research companies that have emailed me	5.09% 42
	Developer, mobile
Start a free trial	79.19% 1,948
Ask developers I know/work with	72.76% 1,790
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	60.89% 1,498
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	29.23% 719
Ask a generative AI tool	13.82% 340
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	15.77% 388
Research companies that have emailed me	4.76% 117
	Educator
Start a free trial	73.44% 282
Ask developers I know/work with	56.25% 216
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	65.36% 251
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	37.24% 143
Ask a generative AI tool	14.84% 57
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	14.58% 56
Research companies that have emailed me	7.29% 28
	Engineer, data
Start a free trial	75.49% 890
Ask developers I know/work with	74.98% 884
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	66.41% 783
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	34.44% 406
Ask a generative AI tool	16.2% 191
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	17.56% 207
Research companies that have emailed me	7.46% 88
	Engineer, site reliability
Start a free trial	69.87% 276
Ask developers I know/work with	79.75% 315
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	58.23% 230
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	31.39% 124
Ask a generative AI tool	12.41% 49
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	19.49% 77
Research companies that have emailed me	9.87% 39
	Engineering manager
Start a free trial	83.38% 1,640
Ask developers I know/work with	83.27% 1,638
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	63.75% 1,254
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	37.57% 739
Ask a generative AI tool	13.42% 264
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	20.03% 394
Research companies that have emailed me	7.93% 156
	Hardware Engineer
Start a free trial	68.48% 189
Ask developers I know/work with	71.74% 198
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	59.78% 165
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	34.78% 96
Ask a generative AI tool	10.51% 29
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	23.55% 65
Research companies that have emailed me	11.23% 31
	Marketing or sales professional
Start a free trial	76.26% 106
Ask developers I know/work with	53.96% 75
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	64.03% 89
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	42.45% 59
Ask a generative AI tool	17.27% 24
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	23.74% 33
Research companies that have emailed me	11.51% 16
	Product manager
Start a free trial	81.86% 352
Ask developers I know/work with	73.26% 315
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	60.47% 260
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	40.7% 175
Ask a generative AI tool	16.74% 72
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	17.91% 77
Research companies that have emailed me	9.77% 42
	Project manager
Start a free trial	79.27% 455
Ask developers I know/work with	68.82% 395
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	63.94% 367
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	39.2% 225
Ask a generative AI tool	13.94% 80
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	21.08% 121
Research companies that have emailed me	9.41% 54
	Research & Development role
Start a free trial	73.47% 936
Ask developers I know/work with	74.96% 955
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	70.96% 904
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	34.46% 439
Ask a generative AI tool	13.74% 175
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	17.43% 222
Research companies that have emailed me	7.3% 93
	Scientist
Start a free trial	66.88% 206
Ask developers I know/work with	68.83% 212
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	65.91% 203
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	30.84% 95
Ask a generative AI tool	9.74% 30
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	13.64% 42
Research companies that have emailed me	9.09% 28
	Security professional
Start a free trial	75.62% 335
Ask developers I know/work with	74.04% 328
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	60.05% 266
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	36.12% 160
Ask a generative AI tool	13.32% 59
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	19.86% 88
Research companies that have emailed me	8.35% 37
	Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.)
Start a free trial	86.68% 1,132
Ask developers I know/work with	78.71% 1,028
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	61.87% 808
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	42.34% 553
Ask a generative AI tool	17.92% 234
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	22.89% 299
Research companies that have emailed me	14.01% 183
	Student
Start a free trial	64.49% 1,146
Ask developers I know/work with	65% 1,155
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	71.41% 1,269
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	39.5% 702
Ask a generative AI tool	24.99% 444
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	15.76% 280
Research companies that have emailed me	5.85% 104
	System administrator
Start a free trial	69.34% 484
Ask developers I know/work with	60.89% 425
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow	65.76% 459
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2 Crowd	40.11% 280
Ask a generative AI tool	12.03% 84
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit	20.34% 142
Research companies that have emailed me	9.6% 67

% Percentages # Responses

When buying a new tool or software, how do you discover and research available solutions? Select all that apply.

Work

Coding outside of work

Most Professional Developers code outside of work as a hobby (70%), but 37% code outside of work for professional development or self-paced learning from online courses.

73,764 responses

Hobby	70.42% 51,942
Professional development or self-paced learning from online courses	36.54% 26,957
Contribute to open-source projects	24.72% 18,231
Freelance/contract work	19.33% 14,258
Bootstrapping a business	13.95% 10,293
I don’t code outside of work	11.94% 8,809
School or academic work	11.71% 8,636

% Percentages # Responses

Which of the following best describes the code you write outside of work? Select all that apply.

Professional Developers

We asked Professional Developers to tell us about what impacts their productivity at work, how often it happens, and how much time that takes out of their day. We also asked them about the developer experience at work—do they have the processes, tools, and programs to make it easier to do their jobs?

Professional Developers

Productivity impacts

Participation in Professional Developer series

49% of all respondents agreed to participate in this year's professional developer series, resulting in over 43,000 responses—6K more than last year.

89,184 responses

Yes	49.19% 43,872
Not Eligible	26.26% 23,416
No	24.55% 21,896

% Percentages # Responses

Would you like to participate in the Professional Developer Series? *

Individual contributor or people manager

The vast majority of respondents (86%) are individual contributors.

43,668 responses

Individual contributor	86.3% 37,685
People manager	13.7% 5,983

% Percentages # Responses

Are you an individual contributor or people manager?

Years of professional work experience

27% of respondents are 5-9 years into their professional careers.

This is inline with the majority response individual contributors (28% for 5-9 years), rather than people managers (21% for 5-9 years).

43,318 responses

1 to 4 years	23.81% 10,377
5 to 9 years	26.86% 11,707
10 to 14 years	18.55% 8,086
15 to 19 years	11.21% 4,885
20 to 24 years	8.39% 3,658
25 to 29 years	5.11% 2,225
30 to 34 years	2.73% 1,191
35 to 39 years	1.47% 642
40 to 44 years	0.82% 358
45 to 49 years	0.26% 112
50 years or more	0.18% 77

% Percentages # Responses

How many years of working experience do you have?

37,197 responses

1 to 4 years	26.01% 9,741
5 to 9 years	27.74% 10,389
10 to 14 years	17.86% 6,688
15 to 19 years	10.26% 3,842
20 to 24 years	7.76% 2,907
25 to 29 years	4.57% 1,712
30 to 34 years	2.5% 937
35 to 39 years	1.4% 524
40 to 44 years	0.82% 307
45 to 49 years	0.25% 92
50 years or more	0.15% 58

% Percentages # Responses

How many years of working experience do you have?

5,958 responses

1 to 4 years	9.79% 584
5 to 9 years	21.43% 1,278
10 to 14 years	23.18% 1,382
15 to 19 years	17.21% 1,026
20 to 24 years	12.28% 732
25 to 29 years	8.5% 507
30 to 34 years	4.14% 247
35 to 39 years	1.93% 115
40 to 44 years	0.84% 50
45 to 49 years	0.32% 19
50 years or more	0.3% 18

% Percentages # Responses

How many years of working experience do you have?

Industry

Most respondents are individual contributors and are in the IT industry (49%), followed by financial services and supply chain.

36,774 responses

Information Services, IT, Software Development, or other Technology	49.38% 18,159
Financial Services	12.02% 4,421
Other	10.91% 4,011
Manufacturing, Transportation, or Supply Chain	7.09% 2,607
Healthcare	6.03% 2,216
Retail and Consumer Services	5.32% 1,955
Higher Education	3.38% 1,242
Advertising Services	2.14% 786
Insurance	1.92% 707
Oil & Gas	0.75% 276
Legal Services	0.57% 210
Wholesale	0.5% 184

% Percentages # Responses

What industry is the company you work for in?

31,581 responses

Information Services, IT, Software Development, or other Technology	48.87% 15,435
Financial Services	11.89% 3,754
Other	11.09% 3,501
Manufacturing, Transportation, or Supply Chain	7.29% 2,302
Healthcare	6.09% 1,924
Retail and Consumer Services	5.41% 1,710
Higher Education	3.43% 1,084
Advertising Services	2.19% 693
Insurance	1.94% 614
Oil & Gas	0.76% 239
Legal Services	0.55% 173
Wholesale	0.48% 152

% Percentages # Responses

What industry is the company you work for in?

4,584 responses

Information Services, IT, Software Development, or other Technology	58.27% 2,671
Financial Services	14.18% 650
Manufacturing, Transportation, or Supply Chain	6.54% 300
Healthcare	6.28% 288
Retail and Consumer Services	5.21% 239
Higher Education	3.4% 156
Advertising Services	1.96% 90
Insurance	1.92% 88
Oil & Gas	0.79% 36
Legal Services	0.76% 35
Wholesale	0.68% 31

% Percentages # Responses

What industry is the company you work for in?

Ability to find knowledge and information within their organization

83% of respondents agree or strongly agree that they have interactions outside of their immediate team. The collaboration among developers and coworkers to find solutions at work is strong.

People managers more so than individual contributors (75% vs 66%) agree or strongly agree that they know which system or resource to use to find the answers they need. Managers help remove blockers for their team so this makes sense.

Interactions with team members and managers aren't enough to help developers as more than half (53%) of developers agree or strongly agree that they are slowed down at work waiting on answers.

In a new question this year, we asked if people feel like they have what they need to quickly understand and work on any area of their company's code. About half of developers say they have what they need, which means that the other half don't feel confident they have what they need to quickly understand and work on a new area.

42,621 responses

Loading…

Please rate your level of agreement with the following statement:

36,659 responses

Loading…

Please rate your level of agreement with the following statement:

5,842 responses

Loading…

Please rate your level of agreement with the following statement:

Frequency of productivity frictions

90% of developers interact with members outside their team at least once per week.

People Managers more frequently than individual contributors need help from members outside their team: 22% (vs. 12%) find themselves doing this three or more times per week.

42,066 responses

Loading…

How frequently do you experience each of the following?

36,185 responses

Loading…

How frequently do you experience each of the following?

5,776 responses

Loading…

How frequently do you experience each of the following?

Daily time spent searching for answers/solutions

42,778 responses

Less than 15 minutes a day	9.25% 3,959
15-30 minutes a day	27.52% 11,773
30-60 minutes a day	38.19% 16,338
60-120 minutes a day	17.83% 7,626
Over 120 minutes a day	7.2% 3,082

% Percentages # Responses

On an average day, how much time do you typically spend searching for answers or solutions to problems you encounter at work? (This includes time spent searching on your own, asking a colleague, and waiting for a response).

36,786 responses

Less than 15 minutes a day	9.04% 3,325
15-30 minutes a day	26.96% 9,917
30-60 minutes a day	38.24% 14,066
60-120 minutes a day	18.37% 6,758
Over 120 minutes a day	7.39% 2,720

% Percentages # Responses

5,857 responses

Less than 15 minutes a day	10.6% 621
15-30 minutes a day	30.99% 1,815
30-60 minutes a day	38.01% 2,226
60-120 minutes a day	14.5% 849
Over 120 minutes a day	5.91% 346

% Percentages # Responses

Daily time spent answering questions

49% of all respondents spend more than 30 minutes a day answering questions.

We would expect people managers are more likely to spend more time each day answering questions; 36% versus only 16% of individual contributors spend an hour or more answering questions.

42,629 responses

Less than 15 minutes a day	19.52% 8,321
15-30 minutes a day	32.09% 13,678
30-60 minutes a day	30.53% 13,013
60-120 minutes a day	13.31% 5,674
Over 120 minutes a day	4.56% 1,943

% Percentages # Responses

On an average day, how much time do you typically spend answering questions you get asked at work?

36,671 responses

Less than 15 minutes a day	21.37% 7,838
15-30 minutes a day	33.81% 12,398
30-60 minutes a day	29.72% 10,900
60-120 minutes a day	11.52% 4,224
Over 120 minutes a day	3.58% 1,311

% Percentages # Responses

On an average day, how much time do you typically spend answering questions you get asked at work?

5,830 responses

Less than 15 minutes a day	7.75% 452
15-30 minutes a day	21.3% 1,242
30-60 minutes a day	35.54% 2,072
60-120 minutes a day	24.61% 1,435
Over 120 minutes a day	10.79% 629

% Percentages # Responses

On an average day, how much time do you typically spend answering questions you get asked at work?

Professional Developers

Developer Experience

Developer Experience: Processes, tools, and programs within an organization

Most Professional Developers report having CI/CD, automated testing, and DevOps available at their organization.

Slightly more developers report having observability tools than a developer portal to make it easy to find tools and services (39% vs. 37%).

16% of organizations have AI-assisted technology.

41,783 responses

Continuous integration (CI) and (more often) continuous delivery	71.93% 30,056
Automated testing	60.79% 25,398
DevOps function	60.45% 25,258
Microservices	49.13% 20,526
Observability tools	39.35% 16,442
Developer portal or other central places to find tools/services	36.7% 15,335
AI-assisted technology tool(s)	15.66% 6,543
Innersource initiative	14.13% 5,906
None of these	11.93% 4,984

% Percentages # Responses

My company has:

Methodology

How we planned and analyzed our survey

Methodology

General

This report is based on a survey of 89,184 software developers from 185 countries around the world. This is the number of responses we consider “qualified” for analytical purposes based on consenting to share their information in this survey and finishing all the required questions; approximately 2,000 responses were not included in this analysis.

The survey was fielded from May 8, 2023 to May 19, 2023.

The median time spent on the survey for qualified responses was almost 18 minutes, an increase we expected this year because of additional questions asked.

Respondents were recruited primarily through channels owned by Stack Overflow. The top sources of respondents were onsite messaging, blog posts, email/newsletter subscribers, banner ads, and social media posts. Since respondents were recruited in this way, highly-engaged users on Stack Overflow were more likely to notice the prompts to take the survey over the duration of the collection promotion.

Due to United States transport/export sanctions, our survey was, unfortunately, inaccessible to prospective respondents in Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, and Syria, due to the traffic being blocked by our third-party survey software. While some respondents used VPNs to get around the block, the limitation should be kept in mind when interpreting survey results.

Many questions were only shown to respondents based on their previous answers. For example, questions about jobs and work were only shown to those who said they were working in a job.

We asked respondents about their salaries. First, we asked what currency each respondent typically used. Then we asked the respondents what their salary was in that currency annually.

The salary question, like most on the survey, was optional. There were 48,026 respondents who gave us salary data. Salary comparisons in the Technology section bring in all salaries provided by respondents that were associated with having worked with a particular programming language. Salary comparisons in the Work section only compare salaries for those that indicated their developer role, excluding write-in responses, regardless of whether they provided a salary.

We converted salaries from user currencies to USD using the exchange rate on June 2, 2023.

Less than 1% of salaries inside and outside of the US were excluded because they exceeded threshold values.

To identify which technologies to include in the survey this year, included those used in the previous year and added popular ones written in as "Other". We submitted this list to our Meta community to solicit feedback and finalize a collection of technologies.

The questions were organized into several blocks of questions, which were randomized in order.

Free form text responses are primarily used to influence future survey choices but are not included in the published results.

Corrections to the results site since June 13, 2023: Updated the salary filter for sample size so that subsets of 30 or less are filtered from results, updated the AI section for 'AI Tools next year' as it was erroneously displaying professional coder responses in the all responsents tab, and updated Professional Developers section to display a new question this year for industry.

Methodology

Feedback

How do you feel about the length of the survey this year?

The majority of respondents felt like this year’s survey was an appropriate length.

86,485 responses

Appropriate in length	76.27% 65,962
Too long	21.51% 18,605
Too short	2.22% 1,918

% Percentages # Responses

How do you feel about the length of the survey this year?

How easy or difficult was this survey to complete?

2% of respondents felt like this year’s survey was difficult.

86,554 responses

Easy	62.5% 54,092
Neither easy nor difficult	35.92% 31,088
Difficult	1.59% 1,374

% Percentages # Responses

How easy or difficult was this survey to complete?

Methodology

Participants

Who participated in this survey

Similar to previous years the overwhelming majority of respondents are a developer by profession.

89,184 responses

I am a developer by profession	75.39% 67,237
I am not primarily a developer, but I write code sometimes as part of my work/studies	10.04% 8,954
I am learning to code	5.56% 4,961
I code primarily as a hobby	5.56% 4,960
I used to be a developer by profession, but no longer am	2.09% 1,861
None of these	1.36% 1,211

% Percentages # Responses

Which of the following options best describes you today? For the purpose of this survey, a developer is "someone who writes code". *