The doping of graphene with a plethora of elements has been reported as enhancing its electrocatalytic performance. (1,2) It has become almost a paradigm that the once fantastic graphene for electrocatalysis (3) is not so fantastic anymore and that we need to add something to it (i.e., a dopant) to make it great again. (4−10) Following this trend, graphene has been doped with many different elements, including N, S, P, B, etc.; in all cases, the electrocatalytic effect of the doped graphene was enhanced. (1,11−13) It apparently did not matter whether the doping atom/group was electron donating or electron withdrawing; the effect was always claimed to be electrocatalytic. (14) Only a few experimental and theoretical studies have found that B or S doping actually inhibits electrochemical reactions. (11,15−17) After doping with individual atoms, it was apparently again not enough for electrocatalysis (one may be surprised that there is always room for improvement) and two-element-doped graphene was claimed to be a better catalyst than graphene doped with one element due to a so-called “synergistic effect”. (18−23) Multielemental (i.e., three or more “heteroatoms” other than carbon) doped graphene became a trend. (24−31) It seems that whatever “crap” we put into graphene, electrocatalysis increases. (2) One may exaggerate only a little by saying that if we spit on graphene it becomes a better electrocatalyst. Having 84 reasonably stable elements (apart from noble gases and carbon), one can produce 84 articles on monoelemental doping of graphene; with two dopants we have 3486 possible combinations, with three dopants we can publish 95,284 combinations, and with four elements there are close to 2 × 106 combinations. One may start wondering whether there is any reason to do so, whether all the efforts in graphene doping for electrochemistry are justified. We decided to take this argument a step forward and to show experimentally that such efforts often do not bring significant insight. We demonstrate in the following text the meaninglessness of the never-ending co-doping of graphene. We decided to follow the hyperbole of ever multiplying dopants; however, instead of using expensive and toxic chemicals such as ammonia, fluorine, chlorine, boranes, etc., we took a page from the pre-Haber–Bosch era and sought natural materials for the fertilization of graphene and used guano as a dopant. Guano has a great advantage for doping over using synthetic chemicals. It is available at low cost, it contains a plethora of elements (including N, P, S, Cl, etc.), and its use for graphene doping can be handled by a nonchemist. We show that we can create high-entropy, multiple-element-doped graphene with outstanding electrocatalytic properties for two industrially important reactions: oxygen reduction used in fuel cells and hydrogen evolution used in electrolyzers. If we follow the claims of previously published doped graphene for electrocatalysis articles regarding “metal-free catalysis”, one can envision an era in which guano-doped graphene is used instead of platinum in fuel cells and electrolyzers, with huge societal impact not only in clean energy production and a cleaner environment but also on rural economies as guano once again becomes a valuable and highly sought-after product.
To make our point of the meaninglessness of efforts to co-dope graphene with various elements experimentally, we evaluate in this work if guano-doped graphene poses any advantages over nonguano-doped graphene. We prepared guano-decorated graphenes via thermal exfoliation with different kinds of graphite oxide precursors. The reference graphenes were synthesized with the same method, but in the absence of guano. We then characterized the prepared graphenes and guano-doped graphenes by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphology and elemental mapping, Raman spectroscopy for defect density, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for elemental compositions and bonding information, combustible elemental analysis for elemental compositions and, finally, studied the electrochemistry properties toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of prepared graphenes via the voltammetric method. We labeled the prepared materials by following the method of precursor synthesis, abbreviating the graphite oxide synthesized via Hoffmann method as “Ho-GO” and Hummers method as “Hu-GO”, and by suffix “BD” as decorated with bird droppings (e.g., Hu-GO and Hu-GO-BD).
The morphologies of the graphenes were obtained via SEM and are presented in Figure 1. All samples showed typical exfoliated structures in agreement with previous studies and confirmed successful thermal exfoliation of all samples. Interestingly, the decorated graphenes showed the same structures as the control graphenes, and no extra small flakes or powders were observed, which, in this case, indicates that the added droppings exfoliated together with the graphene and can form structures similar to exfoliated graphenes. In addition, elemental maps for all prepared samples are shown in Figure S1 and indicate that the bird dropping-decorated graphenes do contain significant amounts of N, S, and P and that the reference graphenes only show clean C and O content.
Figure 1
Figure 1. SEM images of (A) Ho-GO-BD, (B) Hu-GO-BD, (C) Ho-GO, and (D) Hu-GO with magnification of 3000× and 40,000× with scale bars of (top row) 1 μm and (bottom row) 100 nm.
Next, we investigated the defect density of the prepared graphenes by Raman spectroscopy (shown in Figure S2). The G band at approximately 1560 cm–1 indicates the presence of sp2 lattice carbon atoms in the graphene sheet and a D band at approximately 1350 cm–1 reflects the defects caused by the sp3 hybridized carbon atoms. The intensity ratios between the D and G bands are 0.87, 0.90, 0.93, and 0.94 for Ho-GO-BD, Hu-GO-BD, Ho-GO, and Hu-GO, respectively. Interestingly, the dropping-decorated graphenes showed a relatively lower ID/IG ratio than the control materials, which means the graphenes decorated with bird droppings have relatively fewer defects than the control materials.
We employed XPS to investigate the elemental composition and bonding of the prepared materials and the results are shown in Figures 2 and S3. Figures A1–A4 show graphenes that mainly consist of C and O, only Hu-GO-BD contains 0.83 at. % S. The ratio of intensity of C and O is 11.1 for Ho-GO-BD, 10.9 for Hu-GO-BD, 10.7 for Ho-GO, and 13 for Hu-GO, which indicates comparable reduction levels for all prepared graphenes. Residual oxygen-containing groups were investigated by high-resolution C 1s binding energies, such as C═C bonds at 284.5 eV, C–C bonds at 285.4 eV, C–O bonds at 286.3 eV, C═O bonds at 287.4 eV, O–C═O bonds at 288.5 eV, and π–π interactions at 290 eV. On the other hand, in high-resolution N 1s, S 2p, and P 2p, the bird dropping-decorated graphenes exhibit peaks in those ranges, which means the bird dropping-decorated graphenes do contain N, S, and P, further confirming the successful decoration and elemental mapping results.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Elemental and bonding analysis via XPS. (A) Survey XPS of (A1) Ho-GO-BD, (A2) Hu-GO-BD, (A3) Ho-GO, and (A4) Hu-GO and high resolution XPS of C 1s of (B) Ho-GO-BD, (C) Hu-GO-BD, (D) Ho-GO, and (E) Hu-GO.
Because the amount of decorated N, S, and P cannot be reliably detected in wide scan XPS, we employed combustible elemental analysis to obtain accurate measurements of the concentrations of these trace elements. We found that Ho-GO-BD contains 0.90 at. % of N, 1.58 at. % of S, and 2.06 at. % of P, while Hu-GO-BD contains 0.91 at. % of N, 2.26 at. % of S, and 2.10 at. % of P. The amounts of decorated N and P are approximately the same for decorated graphenes, and Hu-GO-BD has a little bit more S than Ho-GO-BD.
Due to the relatively low detection limits of XPS (≈0.1 at. %), we also performed inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to obtain the information on the trace metal impurities within the graphenes decorated in bird waste. The ICP-OES result shows that Ho-GO-BD contains 3.5 ppm of Co, 1562 ppm of Fe, 72.3 ppm of Mn, and 13.1 ppm of Ni, and Hu-GO-BD contains 25.8 ppm of Co, 1519 ppm of Fe, 3766 ppm of Mn, and 11 ppm of Ni. In this case, the results also confirm that graphene synthesized via the Hummers method is more contaminated with Mn-based impurities than the graphene prepared via the Hofmann method. (32−34)
The electrocatalytic properties toward ORR and HER at the bare glassy carbon electrode, decorated graphenes, and control graphenes were recorded and are shown in Figure 3. According to Figure 3A, the recorded onset potentials are −273 mV (vs Ag/AgCl) for GC, −207 mV for Ho-GO, −210 mV for Hu-GO, −173 mV for Ho-GO-BD, and −139 mV for Hu-GO-BD. All graphene samples showed much improved electrocatalytic properties toward ORR than the bare GC electrode. Both the Ho-GO-BD and Hu-GO-BD showed lower onset potentials compared with non-doped graphene.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Linear sweep voltammograms of (A) ORR and (B) HER at the bare GC electrode, decorated graphenes and control graphenes in (A) 0.1 M KOH and (B) 0.5 M H2SO4 with scan rates of 10 mV/s and 2 mV/s, respectively.
Then for HER, again, all prepared graphenes performed much better than the bare GC electrode and the overpotentials at 10 mA/cm2 are 0.96 V (vs RHE) for GC, 0.74 V for Ho-GO, 0.67 V for Hu-G, 0.69 V for Ho-GO-BD, and 0.58 V for Hu-GO-BD. Bird dropping-doped Hu-GO-BD shows the lowest overpotential of all samples due to additional dopants present from the bird droppings.
In summary, we demonstrated that bird dropping-treated graphenes indeed make graphene more electrocatalytic than nondoped graphene. Both bird-dropping-decorated graphenes and control nondoped graphenes show the same morphology. Graphenes decorated with bird droppings contain additional N, S, and P in the material. These decorated graphenes exhibit much better electrocatalytic properties toward both oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution, and, in this case, it can be considered as a potential multifunctional catalyst for both ORR and HER. Because doping graphene with cheap bird droppings produces more electrocatalytic materials than many complex multielemental doping procedures, we do not see any justification for such efforts, and we believe that researchers should focus their energy on other research directions. To conclude in a positive (and a bit satiric) tone, we speculate that the chemical composition of chicken guano can be tailored by feedstock (chick feed), and, therefore, the quality of the resulting doped catalyst can be further improved. We believe that there is potential for the bird dropping-doped graphene for fuel cells and in a hydrogen economy, and we believe that bird droppings can become a high-value-added product such as guano was in the past. One can only hope that with such dramatic advantages, no wars (even trade wars) will be started over bird droppings this time. (35−38)
Supporting Information
Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.9b00184.
Scanning electron microscope images, elemental mapping, Raman spectra, high resolution XPS of N 1s, S 2p, and P 2p of the prepared samples as well as experimental details are available from the authors (PDF)
Terms & Conditions
Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.
Author Information
Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
Martin Pumera - Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, Praha 6 166 28, Czech Republic; Flexible Wearable Electronics (WearoniX) Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5846-2951;
Email: [email protected]
Lu Wang - Materials Chemistry and Nanochemistry Research Group, Solar Fuels Cluster, Departments of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada;
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4165-4022Zdenek Sofer - Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, Praha 6 166 28, Czech Republic;
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1391-4448
Views expressed in this Perspective are those of the authors and not necessarily the views of the ACS.
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Acknowledgments
Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
This work was supported by the project Advanced Functional Nanorobots (reg. no. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000444 financed by the EFRR). M.P. acknowledges the financial support of Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (EXPRO: 19-26896X).
This article references 38 other publications.
1
Ambrosi, A.; Chua, C. K.; Bonanni, A.; Pumera, M. Electrochemistry of Graphene and Related Materials. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 7150– 7188, DOI: 10.1021/cr500023c
1
Electrochemistry of graphene and related materials
Ambrosi, Adriano; Chua, Chun Kiang; Bonanni, Alessandra; Pumera, Martin
Chemical Reviews (Washington, DC, United States) (2014), 114 (14), 7150-7188CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society)
A review on various methods of prepn., generally subdivided to top-down or bottom-up methods, followed by descriptions of anal. techniques commonly used for their characterizations. The fundamentals of electrochem. at the various graphene surfaces as well as their inherent electrochem were discussed. The applications of the graphene materials in electrochem. sensing, energy storage and energy prodn. devices were also discussed.
2
Ambrosi, A.; Chua, C. K.; Latiff, N. M.; Loo, A. H.; Wong, C. H. A.; Eng, A. Y. S.; Bonanni, A.; Pumera, M. Graphene and Its Electrochemistry - An Update. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2016, 45, 2458– 2493, DOI: 10.1039/C6CS00136J
2
Graphene and its electrochemistry - an update
Ambrosi Adriano; Chua Chun Kiang; Latiff Naziah Mohamad; Loo Adeline Huiling; Wong Colin Hong An; Eng Alex Yong Sheng; Bonanni Alessandra; Pumera Martin
Chemical Society reviews (2016), 45 (9), 2458-93 ISSN:.
The electrochemistry of graphene and its derivatives has been extensively researched in recent years. In the aspect of graphene preparation methods, the efficiencies of the top-down electrochemical exfoliation of graphite, the electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide and the electrochemical delamination of CVD grown graphene, are currently on par with conventional procedures. Electrochemical analysis of graphene oxide has revealed an unexpected inherent redox activity with, in some cases, an astonishing chemical reversibility. Furthermore, graphene modified with p-block elements has shown impressive electrocatalytic performances in processes which have been historically dominated by metal-based catalysts. Further progress has also been achieved in the practical usage of graphene in sensing and biosensing applications. This review is an update of our previous article in Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 4146-4157, with special focus on the developments over the past two years.
3
Shang, N. G.; Papakonstantinou, P.; McMullan, M.; Chu, M.; Stamboulis, A.; Potenza, A.; Dhesi, S. S.; Marchetto, H. Catalyst-Free Efficient Growth, Orientation and Biosensing Properties of Multilayer Graphene Nanoflake Films with Sharp Edge Planes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 3506– 3514, DOI: 10.1002/adfm.200800951
3
Catalyst-free efficient growth, orientation and biosensing properties of multilayer graphene nanoflake films with sharp edge planes
Shang, Nai Gui; Papakonstantinou, Pagona; McMullan, Martin; Chu, Ming; Stamboulis, Artemis; Potenza, Alessandro; Dhesi, Sarnjeet S.; Marchetto, Helder
Advanced Functional Materials (2008), 18 (21), 3506-3514CODEN: AFMDC6; ISSN:1616-301X. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
We report a novel microwave plasma enhanced chem. vapor deposition strategy for the efficient synthesis of multilayer graphene nanoflake films (MGNFs) on Si substrates. The constituent graphene nanoflakes have a highly graphitized knife-edge structure with a 2-3 nm thick sharp edge and show a preferred vertical orientation with respect to the Si substrate as established by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The growth rate is approx. 1.6 μm min-1, which is 10 times faster than the previously reported best value. The MGNFs are shown to demonstrate fast electron-transfer (ET) kinetics for the Fe(CN)63-/4- redox system and excellent electrocatalytic activity for simultaneously detg. dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA). Their biosensing DA performance in the presence of common interfering agents AA and UA is superior to other bare solid-state electrodes and is comparable only to that of edge plane pyrolytic graphite. Our work here, establishes that the abundance of graphitic edge planes/defects are essentially responsible for the fast ET kinetics, active electrocatalytic and biosensing properties. This novel edge-plane-based electrochem. platform with the high surface area and electrocatalytic activity offers great promise for creating a revolutionary new class of nanostructured electrodes for biosensing, biofuel cells and energy-conversion applications.
4
Wang, L.; Sofer, Z.; Luxa, J.; Pumera, M. Nitrogen Doped Graphene: Influence of Precursors and Conditions of the Synthesis. J. Mater. Chem. C 2014, 2, 2887– 2893, DOI: 10.1039/C3TC32359E
4
Nitrogen doped graphene: influence of precursors and conditions of the synthesis
Wang, Lu; Sofer, Zdenek; Luxa, Jan; Pumera, Martin
Journal of Materials Chemistry C: Materials for Optical and Electronic Devices (2014), 2 (16), 2887-2893CODEN: JMCCCX; ISSN:2050-7534. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
Heteroatoms doped graphenes, esp. nitrogen doped graphenes, have attracted much attention due to their remarkable performance as parts of lithium-ion batteries, advanced catalyst supports, super capacitors and fuel cells. The performance of doped materials strongly depends on the level of doping. While the nitrogen doped graphenes are synthesized by various methods, the parameters influencing the level of doping are seldom studied. Here we prep. nitrogen doped graphenes by exfoliation of different graphite oxides (i.e. Staudenmaier, Hofmann and Hummers) in an ammonia atm. at various exfoliation temps. (i.e. 600°, 800° and 1000°). We study the efficiency of nitrogen doping using characterization methods such as SEM, Raman spectroscopy, combustible elemental anal. and XPS. We show that the level of doping strongly depends on the type of the starting graphite oxide. This has very important implication on the fabrication of doped graphenes and we suggest that the graphite oxide prepn. route must be always considered when one performs heteroatom doping of graphenes via a thermal exfoliation route. In addn., we present an optimized, scalable technique for fabrication of large quantities of highly nitrogen doped (>7 at.%) graphenes.
5
Qu, L. T.; Liu, Y.; Baek, J. B.; Dai, L. M. Nitrogen-Doped Graphene as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction in Fuel Cells. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 1321– 1326, DOI: 10.1021/nn901850u
5
Nitrogen-Doped Graphene as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction in Fuel Cells
Qu, Liangti; Liu, Yong; Baek, Jong-Beom; Dai, Liming
ACS Nano (2010), 4 (3), 1321-1326CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
Nitrogen-doped graphene (N-graphene) was synthesized by CVD of methane in the presence of ammonia. The resultant N-graphene was demonstrated to act as a metal-free electrode with a much better electrocatalytic activity, long-term operation stability, and tolerance to crossover effect than platinum for oxygen redn. via a four-electron pathway in alk. fuel cells. This is the 1st report on the use of graphene and its derivs. as metal-free catalysts for oxygen redn. The important role of N-doping to oxygen redn. reaction (ORR) can be applied to various carbon materials for the development of other metal-free efficient ORR catalysts for fuel cell applications, even new catalytic materials for applications beyond fuel cells.
6
Long, J. L.; Xie, X. Q.; Xu, J.; Gu, Q.; Chen, L. M.; Wang, X. X. Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Nanosheets as Metal-Free Catalysts for Aerobic Selective Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohols. ACS Catal. 2012, 2, 622– 631, DOI: 10.1021/cs3000396
6
Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Nanosheets as Metal-Free Catalysts for Aerobic Selective Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohols
Long, Jinlin; Xie, Xiuqiang; Xu, Jie; Gu, Quan; Chen, Liming; Wang, Xuxu
ACS Catalysis (2012), 2 (4), 622-631CODEN: ACCACS; ISSN:2155-5435. (American Chemical Society)
This work demonstrates the mol. engineering of active sites on a graphene scaffold. It was found that the N-doped graphene nanosheets prepd. by a high-temp. nitridation procedure represent a novel chem. function of efficiently catalyzing aerobic alc. oxidn. Among three types of nitrogen species doped into the graphene lattice-pyridinic N, pyrrolic N, and graphitic N-the graphitic sp2 N species were established to be catalytically active centers for the aerobic oxidn. reaction based on good linear correlation with the activity results. Kinetic anal. showed that the N-doped graphene-catalyzed aerobic alc. oxidn. proceeds via a Langmuir-Hinshelwood pathway and has moderate activation energy (56.1 ± 3.5 kJ·mol-1 for the benzyl alc. oxidn.) close to that (51.4 kJ·mol-1) proceeding on the catalyst Ru/Al2O3 reported in literature. An adduct mechanism was proposed to be different remarkably from that occurring on the noble metal catalyst. The possible formation of a sp2 N-O2 adduct transition state, which can oxidize alcs. directly to aldehydes without any byproduct, including H2O2 and carboxylic acids, may be a key element step. Our results advance graphene chem. and open a window to study the graphitic sp2 nitrogen catalysis.
7
Xue, Y. H.; Liu, J.; Chen, H.; Wang, R. G.; Li, D. Q.; Qu, J.; Dai, L. M. Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Foams as Metal-Free Counter Electrodes in High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 12124– 12127, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207277
7
Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Foams as Metal-Free Counter Electrodes in High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Xue, Yuhua; Liu, Jun; Chen, Hao; Wang, Ruigang; Li, Dingqiang; Qu, Jia; Dai, Liming
Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2012), 51 (48), 12124-12127CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
We have prepd. a three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene foam and demonstrated its application as a metal-free electrocatalyst for the redn. of triiodide to replace the Pt cathode in dye-sensitized solar cells, leading to a power conversion efficiency up to 7.07%. This value of efficiency is among the highest efficiencies reported for dye-sensitized solar cells with carbon-based metal-free counter electrodes, comparable to that of a dye-sensitized solar cell with a Pt counter electrode constructed under the same condition. Our results indicate that further electrode/device optimization will lead to dye-sensitized solar cells based on the nitrogen-doped graphene foam counter electrode, even outperforming their counterparts with a Pt counter electrode. This work indicates that nitrogen-doped graphene, in particular, and nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials, in general, can be used as effective metal-free counter electrodes to replace Pt in high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells.
8
She, Y. Y.; Chen, J. F.; Zhang, C. X.; Lu, Z. G.; Ni, M.; Sit, P. H. L.; Leung, M. K. H. Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Derived from Ionic Liquid as Metal-Free Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Its Mechanisms. Appl. Energy 2018, 225, 513– 521, DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.015
8
Nitrogen-doped graphene derived from ionic liquid as metal-free catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction and its mechanisms
She, Yiyi; Chen, Jinfan; Zhang, Chengxu; Lu, Zhouguang; Ni, Meng; Sit, Patrick H.-L.; Leung, Michael K. H.
Applied Energy (2018), 225 (), 513-521CODEN: APENDX; ISSN:0306-2619. (Elsevier Ltd.)
It is of great significance to develop N-doped carbon materials possessing high catalytic activity, excellent durability and low cost for oxygen redn. reaction (ORR) due to imperative for energy devices with high energy d., such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Herein, N-doped graphene is prepd. by annealing a homogeneous mixt. of graphene oxide (GO) and ionic liq. of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim]BF4) in N2 atmosphere. By entrapping effect, the ionic liq. serves as both N source and restacking protectant in formation of high-quality N-doped graphene sheets. Electrochem. characterizations reveal that the obtained N-doped graphene possesses excellent electrocatalytic properties for ORR in alk. condition with onset potential of -39 mV (vs. Hg/HgO) and c.d. of 5.83 mA cm-2 at -0.9 V (vs. Hg/HgO) at 2500 rpm. The microstructure of the prepd. catalysts and their ORR catalytic activities are highly sensitive to calcination temp. and the optimal temp. is 900 °C. D. functional theory (DFT) anal. indicates from the at. point of view that N atoms with different configurations contribute unequally to the ORR performance enhancement. Pyridinic N at the edge of graphene plays the most significant role in improving ORR performance owing to the largest no. of active sites and lower band gap. Based on the exptl. and simulation results, the beneficial properties of the as-prepd. N-doped graphene for ORR are ascribed to the superior cond. of graphene, the high N doping content and the high proportion of active pyridinic N species.
9
Davies, T. J.; Hyde, M. E.; Compton, R. G. Nanotrench Arrays Reveal Insight into Graphite Electrochemistry. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 5121– 5126, DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462750
9
Nanotrench arrays reveal insight into graphite electrochemistry
Davies, Trevor J.; Hyde, Michael E.; Compton, Richard G.
Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2005), 44 (32), 5121-5126CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Watch your step!. Decoupling the individual contributions of edge-plane steps (A) and basal-plane terraces (B) to the voltammetry of graphite electrodes can provide information of fundamental importance. This was done by selectively blocking the basal-plane terraces with insulating material to form nanotrench arrays of edge-plane graphite.
10
Pumera, M.; Tan, S. M. Two-Dimensional Materials on the Rocks: Positive and Negative Role of Dopants and Impurities in Electrochemistry. ACS Nano 2019, 13, 2681– 2728, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07795
10
Two-Dimensional Materials on the Rocks: Positive and Negative Role of Dopants and Impurities in Electrochemistry
Tan, Shu Min; Pumera, Martin
ACS Nano (2019), 13 (3), 2681-2728CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
A review. Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene and transition-metal chalcogenides, were shown in many works as very potent catalysts for industrially important electrochem. reactions, such as O redn., H and O evolution, and CO2 redn. The authors critically discuss here the development in the field, showing that not only dopants but also impurities can have dramatic effects on catalysis. Note here that the difference between dopant and impurity is merely semantic-dopant is an impurity deliberately added to the material. The authors contest the general belief that all doping has a pos. effect on electrocatalysis. In many cases, dopants actually inhibit the electrochem. of 2-dimensional materials. This review provides a balanced view of the field of 2-dimensional materials electrocatalysis.
11
Poh, H. L.; Simek, P.; Sofer, Z.; Pumera, M. Sulfur-Doped Graphene via Thermal Exfoliation of Graphite Oxide in H2S, SO2, or CS2 Gas. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 5262– 5272, DOI: 10.1021/nn401296b
11
Sulfur-Doped Graphene via Thermal Exfoliation of Graphite Oxide in H2S, SO2, or CS2 Gas
Poh, Hwee Ling; Simek, Petr; Sofer, Zdenek; Pumera, Martin
ACS Nano (2013), 7 (6), 5262-5272CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
Doping of graphene with heteroatoms is an effective way to tailor its properties. Here we describe a simple and scalable method of doping graphene lattice with sulfur atoms during the thermal exfoliation process of graphite oxides. The graphite oxides were first prepd. by Staudenmaier, Hofmann, and Hummers methods followed by treatments in hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, or carbon disulfide. The doped materials were characterized by SEM, high-resoln. XPS, combustible elemental anal., and Raman spectroscopy. The ζ-potential and cond. of sulfur-doped graphenes were also investigated in this paper. It was found that the level of doping is more dramatically influenced by the type of graphite oxide used rather than the type of sulfur-contg. gas used during exfoliation. Resulting sulfur-doped graphenes act as metal-free electrocatalysts for an oxygen redn. reaction.
12
Tan, S. M.; Poh, H. L.; Sofer, Z.; Pumera, M. Boron-Doped Graphene and Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes: Detection of Biomarkers and Resistance to Fouling. Analyst 2013, 138, 4885– 4891, DOI: 10.1039/c3an00535f
12
Boron-doped graphene and boron-doped diamond electrodes: detection of biomarkers and resistance to fouling
Tan, Shu Min; Poh, Hwee Ling; Sofer, Zdenek; Pumera, Martin
Analyst (Cambridge, United Kingdom) (2013), 138 (17), 4885-4891CODEN: ANALAO; ISSN:0003-2654. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
Doped carbon materials are of high interest as doping can change their properties. Here the authors wish to contrast the electrochem. behavior of two carbon allotropes - sp3 hybridized carbon as diamond and sp2 hybridized carbon as graphene - doped by boron. Even though both materials exhibit similar heterogeneous electron transfer towards ferro/ferricyanide, there are dramatic differences towards the oxidn. of biomols., such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, dopamine and β-NAD (NADH). The boron-doped graphene exhibits much lower oxidn. potentials than boron-doped diamond. The stability of the surfaces towards NADH oxidn. product fouling has been studied and in the long term, there is no significant difference among the studied materials. The proton/electron coupled redn. of dopamine and nitroarom. explosive (TNT) takes place on boron-doped graphene, while it is not observable at boron-doped diamond. Boron-doped sp2 graphene and sp3 diamond behave, in many aspects, dramatically differently and this shall have a profound influence upon their applicability as electrochem. materials.
13
Wang, L.; Sofer, Z.; Zboril, R.; Cepe, K.; Pumera, M. Phosphorus and Halogen Co-Doped Graphene Materials and their Electrochemistry. Chem. - Eur. J. 2016, 22, 15444– 15450, DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602616
13
Phosphorus and Halogen Co-Doped Graphene Materials and their Electrochemistry
Wang, Lu; Sofer, Zdenek; Zboril, Radek; Cepe, Klara; Pumera, Martin
Chemistry - A European Journal (2016), 22 (43), 15444-15450CODEN: CEUJED; ISSN:0947-6539. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Doping of graphene materials with heteroatoms is important as it can change their electronic and electrochem. properties. Here, graphene is co-doped with n-type dopants such as P and halogen (Cl, Br, I). P and halogen are introduced through the treatment of graphene oxide with PX3 gas (PCl3, PBr3, and PI3). Graphene oxides are prepd. through chlorate and permanganate routes. Detailed chem. and structural characterization demonstrates that the graphene sheets are covered homogeneously by P and halogen atoms. The amt. of P and halogen introduced depends on the graphene oxide prepn. method. The electrocatalytic effect of the resulting co-doped materials is demonstrated for industrially relevant electrochem. reactions such as the H evolution and O redn. reactions.
14
Pumera, M. Voltammetry of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphenes: Excitement, Disappointment, and Reality. Chem. Rec. 2012, 12, 201– 213, DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201100027
14
Voltammetry of carbon nanotubes and graphenes: excitement, disappointment, and reality
Pumera, Martin
Chemical Record (2012), 12 (1), 201-213CODEN: CRHEAK; ISSN:1527-8999. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
A review. Voltammetry of C nanotubes and graphene underwent significant development in the 1st decade of the 21st century. The initial excitement concerning the performance of the new materials was replaced with increasing crises in the field caused using impure materials. Here, author provides a personal view of these developments and some reality checks for the electrochem. of these nanomaterials. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201100027.
15
Wang, L.; Sofer, Z.; Simek, P.; Tomandl, I.; Pumera, M. Boron-Doped Graphene: Scalable and Tunable p-Type Carrier Concentration Doping. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 23251– 23257, DOI: 10.1021/jp405169j
15
Boron-Doped Graphene: Scalable and Tunable p Type Carrier Concentration Doping
Wang, Lu; Sofer, Zdenek; Simek, Petr; Tomandl, Ivo; Pumera, Martin
Journal of Physical Chemistry C (2013), 117 (44), 23251-23257CODEN: JPCCCK; ISSN:1932-7447. (American Chemical Society)
Precisely engineered changes in Fermi levels of graphene-based materials are of high importance for their applications in electronic and electrochem. devices. Such applications include photoelectrochem. reactions or enhanced electrochem. performance toward redn. of oxygen. Here the authors describe a method for scalable and tunable boron doping of graphene via thermal exfoliation of graphite oxide in BF3 atmosphere at different temps. The temp. and atm. compn. during exfoliation influences the kinetics of decompn. of the reactants and levels of doping, which range from 23 to 590 ppm. The resulting materials were characterized by prompt γ-ray anal., XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and SEM. Recent claims on enhanced catalytic properties of boron-doped graphenes toward the redn. of oxygen were addressed, as well as similar claims on enhanced capacitance.
16
Chen, W.; Weng, W. J.; Niu, X. L.; Li, X. Y.; Men, Y. L.; Sun, W.; Li, G. J.; Dong, L. F. Boron-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots Modified Electrode for Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis of Hemoglobin. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2018, 823, 137– 145, DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.06.001
16
Boron-doped Graphene quantum dots modified electrode for electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of hemoglobin
Chen, Wei; Weng, Wenju; Niu, Xueliang; Li, Xiaoyan; Men, Yongling; Sun, Wei; Li, Guangjiu; Dong, Lifeng
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry (2018), 823 (), 137-145CODEN: JECHES; ISSN:1873-2569. (Elsevier B.V.)
In this paper B-doped graphene quantum dots (B-GQDs) decorated C ionic liq. electrode (CILE) was fabricated for the immobilization of Hb, which was used as the electrochem. biosensor for electrocatalysis. Spectroscopic results demonstrated that the original structure of Hb was unchanged after mixed with B-GQDs, indicating the biocompatibility of B-GQDs. Electrochem. behaviors of Nafion/Hb/B-GQDs/CILE were studied in pH 4.0 phosphate buffer soln. and a couple of well-distinct sym. redox peaks appeared on cyclic voltammograms. The results were also compared with GQDs and N-doped GQDs modified electrodes, which illustrated the enhanced effects of B-GQDs to electron communication and loading capability of Hb on the electrode surface due to its high cond. and small size. Electrochem. kinetics were studied with the electrochem. parameters calcd. Electrocatalysis of Hb and B-GQDs modified electrode to various substrates such as trichloroacetic acid, Na nitrite and H2O2 were carefully studied. This new Hb modified electrode exhibited the advantages of large linear relation, high sensitivity, low detection limit, good anti-interference ability and excellent stability, which found wide applications in food and drug samples detection.
17
Chen, W.; Xu, L.; Tian, Y. H.; Li, H. A.; Wang, K. Boron and Nitrogen Co-Doped Graphene Aerogels: Facile Preparation, Tunable Doping Contents and Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysis. Carbon 2018, 137, 458– 466, DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2018.05.061
17
Boron and nitrogen co-doped graphene aerogels: Facile preparation, tunable doping contents and bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis
Chen, Wei; Xu, Li; Tian, Yuhui; Li, Henan; Wang, Kun
Carbon (2018), 137 (), 458-466CODEN: CRBNAH; ISSN:0008-6223. (Elsevier Ltd.)
Rational design of low-cost and highly-efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for oxygen redn. reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is currently crit. for renewable energy storage and conversion devices. Herein, we represent a series of three-dimensional porous B and N co-doped graphene aerogels (BN-GAs) using NH4B5O8 as precursor for B and N source by hydrothermal method and freeze-drying process. In this facile strategy, we can tune doping contents of B and N configurations in BN-GAs by simply changing the synthesis conditions. Linear sweep voltammetry results confirm that the increasing doping contents of pyridinic N and BC3 phases in BN-GAs can boost ORR activity, which may be because the enhanced synergy that arises from combining pyridinic N and BC3 phases can greatly improve ORR activity. The proposed BN-GAs not only show similar ORR activity to com. Pt/C, but also more superior stability and excellent methanol tolerance than com. Pt/C. Remarkably, the resultant BN-GAs also exhibit considerable OER activity and achieve desired performance as an air cathode for a rechargeable zinc-air battery device. Notably, this work may assist in a new insight to feasible prepn. and mol. design of more advanced graphene-based catalyst, and can be extended to other catalytic system.
18
Li, J. J.; Zhang, Y. M.; Zhang, X. H.; Huang, J. Z.; Han, J. C.; Zhang, Z. H.; Han, X. J.; Xu, P.; Song, B. S. N Dual-Doped Graphene-like Carbon Nanosheets as Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 398– 405, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12547
18
S, N Dual-Doped Graphene-like Carbon Nanosheets as Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts
Li, Jiajie; Zhang, Yumin; Zhang, Xinghong; Huang, Jinzhen; Han, Jiecai; Zhang, Zhihua; Han, Xijiang; Xu, Ping; Song, Bo
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2017), 9 (1), 398-405CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
Replacement of rare and precious metal catalysts with low-cost and earth-abundant ones is currently among the major goals of sustainable chem. Herein, the synthesis is reported of S, N dual-doped graphene-like carbon nanosheets via a simple pyrolysis of a mixt. of melamine and dibenzyl sulfide as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen redn. reaction (ORR). The S, N dual-doped graphene-like carbon nanosheets show enhanced activity toward ORR as compared with mono-doped counterparts, and excellent durability in contrast to the conventional Pt/C electrocatalyst in both alk. and acidic media. A high content of graphitic-N and pyridinic-N is necessary for ORR electrocatalysis in the graphene-like carbon nanosheets, but an appropriate amt. of S atoms further contributes to the improvement of ORR activity. Superior ORR performance from the as-prepd. S, N dual-doped graphene-like carbon nanosheets implies great promises in practical applications in energy devices.
19
Li, R.; Wei, Z. D.; Gou, X. L. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Dual-Doped Graphene/Carbon Nanosheets as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution. ACS Catal. 2015, 5, 4133– 4142, DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00601
19
Nitrogen and phosphorus dual-doped graphene/carbon nanosheets as bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen redn. and evolution
Li, Rong; Wei, Zidong; Gou, Xinglong
ACS Catalysis (2015), 5 (7), 4133-4142CODEN: ACCACS; ISSN:2155-5435. (American Chemical Society)
It is highly desirable but challenging to develop bifunctional catalysts for efficiently catalyzing both the oxygen redn. reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in energy storage and conversion systems. Here a simple yet cost-effective strategy is developed to fabricate nitrogen and phosphorus dual-doped graphene/carbon nanosheets (N,P-GCNS) with N,P-doped carbon sandwiching few-layers-thick graphene. The as-prepd. N,P-GCNS shows outstanding catalytic activity toward both ORR and OER with a potential gap of 0.71 V between the OER potential at a c.d. of 10 mA cm-2 and the ORR potential at a c.d. of -3 mA cm-2, illustrating that it is the best metal-free bifunctional electrocatalysts reported to date. The superb bifunctional catalytic performance is attributed to the synergistic effects between the doped N and P atoms, the full exposure of the active sites on the surface of the N,P-GCNS nanosheets, the high cond. of the incorporated graphene, and the large surface area and hierarchical pores for sufficient contact and rapid transportation of the reactants.
20
Qiao, X. C.; Liao, S. J.; You, C. H.; Chen, R. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Dual Doped and Simultaneously Reduced Graphene Oxide with High Surface Area as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction. Catalysts 2015, 5, 981– 991, DOI: 10.3390/catal5020981
20
Phosphorus and nitrogen dual doped and simultaneously reduced graphene oxide with high surface area as efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction
Qiao, Xiaochang; Liao, Shijun; You, Chenghang; Chen, Rong
Catalysts (2015), 5 (2), 981-991CODEN: CATACJ; ISSN:2073-4344. (MDPI AG)
A P, N dual doped reduced graphene oxide (PN-rGO) catalyst with high surface area (376.20 m2·g-1), relatively high P-doping level (1.02 at. %) and a trace amt. of N (0.35 at. %) was successfully prepd. using a one-step method by directly pyrolyzing a homogenous mixt. of graphite oxide (GO) and diammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4) in an argon atm., during which the thermal expansion, deoxidization of GO and P, N co-doping were realized simultaneously. The catalyst exhibited enhanced catalytic performances for oxygen redn. reaction (ORR) via a dominated four-electron redn. pathway, as well as superior long-term stability, better tolerance to methanol crossover than that of com. Pt/C catalyst in an alk. soln.
21
Yue, X.; Huang, S. L.; Jin, Y. S.; Shen, P. K. Nitrogen and Fluorine Dual-Doped Porous Graphene-Nanosheets as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen-Evolution in Acidic Media. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2017, 7, 2228– 2235, DOI: 10.1039/C7CY00384F
21
Nitrogen and fluorine dual-doped porous graphene-nanosheets as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for hydrogen-evolution in acidic media
Yue, Xin; Huang, Shangli; Jin, Yanshuo; Shen, Pei Kang
Catalysis Science & Technology (2017), 7 (11), 2228-2235CODEN: CSTAGD; ISSN:2044-4753. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
N and F dual-doped porous graphene-nanosheets (NFPGNS) with pyridinic N doped rich configurations have been synthesized by a simple ion adsorption and chem.-etching method. Higher graphitization degree of NFPGNS was in favor of charge transfer and mass transfer. Higher surface areas and various pore structures of NFPGNS were found to be beneficial for the access of active sites. Therefore, efficient catalytic activity towards the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with the onset overpotential of only ∼150 mV and superior stability was studied on the NFPGNS electrocatalysts. Doping of F evidently promotes the catalytic activity of N contg. C materials for the HER. D. functional theory (DFT) calcns. revealed the heteroatoms multi-doping effect on NFPGNS that leads to a lowest Gibbs free energy and stronger strength of H adsorption, thereby favoring the HER catalytic activity.
22
Zhang, R. Z.; Zhang, C. M.; Zheng, F. Q.; Li, X. K.; Sun, C. L.; Chen, W. Nitrogen and Sulfur Co-Doped Graphene Nanoribbons: A Novel Metal-Free Catalyst for High Performance Electrochemical Detection of 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT). Carbon 2018, 126, 328– 337, DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.042
22
Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene nanoribbons: A novel metal-free catalyst for high performance electrochemical detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)
Zhang, Ruizhong; Zhang, Chunmei; Zheng, Fuqin; Li, Xiaokun; Sun, Chia-Liang; Chen, Wei
Carbon (2018), 126 (), 328-337CODEN: CRBNAH; ISSN:0008-6223. (Elsevier Ltd.)
Through a heteroatom-doping process and the subsequent base washing strategy, a new type of metal-free nitrogen- and sulfur-codoped graphene nanoribbons (BW-NS-rGONRs) were synthesized. A considerable amt. of carbonaceous oxidative debris resided in graphene oxide nanoribbons (GONRs) produced from unzipping multiwalled carbon nanotubes has a great effect on the electrocatalytic activity of rGONRs. After removing the adsorbed oxidative debris by base washing, the obtained BW-NS-rGONRs exhibited high elec. cond. and rich defect active sites, endowing the BW-NS-rGONRs enhanced electrocatalytic activity for TNT redn. The electrochem. sensing platform established from the BW-NS-rGONRs showed a highly sensitive and selective response to TNT with a wide linear range from 0.0008 to 5.1 ppm and a detection limit of 0.1 ppb. Also, the BW-NS-rGONRs-based TNT detection platform demonstrated good cyclic stability and reproducibility. Most importantly, the BW-NS-rGONRs-based sensing platform can be successfully used for TNT detn. in tap water and lake water samples. The superb sensing performance is attributed to the abundant active sites from dual doping of N and S atoms, the enhanced elec. cond. and full exposure of the active sites of BW-NS-rGONRs after base washing treatment.
23
Zhou, Y. Q.; Zeng, Y.; Xu, D. D.; Li, P. H.; Wang, H. G.; Li, X.; Li, Y. H.; Wang, Y. H. Nitrogen and Sulfur Dual-Doped Graphene Sheets as Anode Materials with Superior Cycling Stability for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Electrochim. Acta 2015, 184, 24– 31, DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.10.026
23
Nitrogen and sulfur dual-doped graphene sheets as anode materials with superior cycling stability for lithium-ion batteries
Zhou, Yuqi; Zeng, Yan; Xu, Dandan; Li, Peihang; Wang, Heng-guo; Li, Xiang; Li, Yanhui; Wang, Yinghui
Electrochimica Acta (2015), 184 (), 24-31CODEN: ELCAAV; ISSN:0013-4686. (Elsevier Ltd.)
Novel N and S dual-doped graphene sheets were synthesized via carbonization of poly(2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole) (PDMcT) functionalized graphene oxides. Here, PDMcT, polymd. by the com. available 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DMcT) monomer is chosen as the N and S precursor, which plays a key role in the formation of N and S dual-doped graphene. When evaluated as anode materials for Li ion batteries, the N and S dual-doped graphene sheets show high initial specific capacity of 1428.8 mAh g-1, excellent cycling stability over 5000 cycles, and good rate capability (107 mAh g-1 even at a c.d. of 10 A g-1), which can be attributed to the unique structure and dual-heteroatom doping.
24
Liu, Y.; Shen, Y.; Sun, L.; Li, J.; Liu, C.; Ren, W.; Li, F.; Gao, L.; Chen, J.; Liu, F.; Sun, Y.; Tang, N.; Cheng, H. M.; Du, Y. Elemental Superdoping of Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 10921, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10921
24
Elemental superdoping of graphene and carbon nanotubes
Liu, Yuan; Shen, Yuting; Sun, Litao; Li, Jincheng; Liu, Chang; Ren, Wencai; Li, Feng; Gao, Libo; Chen, Jie; Liu, Fuchi; Sun, Yuanyuan; Tang, Nujiang; Cheng, Hui-Ming; Du, Youwei
Nature Communications (2016), 7 (), 10921CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)
Doping of low-dimensional graphitic materials, including graphene, graphene quantum dots and single-wall carbon nanotubes with nitrogen, sulfur or boron can significantly change their properties. We report that simple fluorination followed by annealing in a dopant source can superdope low-dimensional graphitic materials with a high level of N, S or B. The superdoping results in the following doping levels: (i) for graphene, 29.82, 17.55 and 10.79 at% for N-, S- and B-doping, resp.; (ii) for graphene quantum dots, 36.38 at% for N-doping; and (iii) for single-wall carbon nanotubes, 7.79 and 10.66 at% for N- and S-doping, resp. As an example, the N-superdoping of graphene can greatly increase the capacitive energy storage, increase the efficiency of the oxygen redn. reaction and induce ferromagnetism. Furthermore, by changing the degree of fluorination, the doping level can be tuned over a wide range, which is important for optimizing the performance of doped low-dimensional graphitic materials.
25
Duan, J.; Chen, S.; Jaroniec, M.; Qiao, S. Z. Heteroatom-Doped Graphene-Based Materials for Energy-Relevant Electrocatalytic Processes. ACS Catal. 2015, 5, 5207– 5234, DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00991
25
Heteroatom-Doped Graphene-Based Materials for Energy-Relevant Electrocatalytic Processes
Duan, Jingjing; Chen, Sheng; Jaroniec, Mietek; Qiao, Shi Zhang
ACS Catalysis (2015), 5 (9), 5207-5234CODEN: ACCACS; ISSN:2155-5435. (American Chemical Society)
A review of graphene doping methods, including possible doing configurations and their electrochem. properties, including single and double doping, with N, B, S, and P. To address aggravating energy and environment issues, inexpensive, highly active, and durable electrocatalysts as noble metal substitutes both at the anode and cathode are being actively pursued. Among them, heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials show extraordinary electrocatalytic performance, some even close to or outperforming the state-of-the-art noble metals, such as Pt- and IrO2-based materials. In addn., heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials are reviewed as electrocatalysts for oxygen redn., hydrogen evolution, and oxygen evolution reactions in terms of their electrocatalytic mechanisms and performance. Significantly, three-dimensional heteroatom-doped graphene structures have been discussed, and those esp. can be directly utilized as catalyst electrodes without extra binders and supports.
26
Zhang, J.; Dai, L. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Fluorine Tri-Doped Graphene as a Multifunctional Catalyst for Self-Powered Electrochemical Water Splitting. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 13296– 13300, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607405
26
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Fluorine Tri-doped Graphene as a Multifunctional Catalyst for Self-Powered Electrochemical Water Splitting
Zhang, Jintao; Dai, Liming
Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2016), 55 (42), 13296-13300CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
Electrocatalysts are required for clean energy technologies (for example, water-splitting and metal-air batteries). The development of a multifunctional electrocatalyst composed of nitrogen, phosphorus, and fluorine tri-doped graphene is reported, which was obtained by thermal activation of a mixt. of polyaniline-coated graphene oxide and ammonium hexafluorophosphate (AHF). It was found that thermal decompn. of AHF provides nitrogen, phosphorus, and fluorine sources for tri-doping with N, P, and F, and simultaneously facilitates template-free formation of porous structures as a result of thermal gas evolution. The resultant N, P, and F tri-doped graphene exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activities for the oxygen redn. reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The trifunctional metal-free catalyst was further used as an OER-HER bifunctional catalyst for oxygen and hydrogen gas prodn. in an electrochem. water-splitting unit, which was powered by an integrated Zn-air battery based on an air electrode made from the same electrocatalyst for ORR. The integrated unit, fabricated from the newly developed N, P, and F tri-doped graphene multifunctional metal-free catalyst, can operate in ambient air with a high gas prodn. rate of 0.496 and 0.254 μL s-1 for hydrogen and oxygen gas, resp., showing great potential for practical applications.
27
Zhang, G.; Wang, P.; Lu, W.-T.; Wang, C.-Y.; Li, Y.-K.; Ding, C.; Gu, J.; Zheng, X.-S.; Cao, F.-F. Co Nanoparticles/Co, N, S Tri-Doped Graphene Templated from In-Situ-Formed Co, S Co-doped g-C3N4 as an Active Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 28566– 28576, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08138
27
Co Nanoparticles/Co, N, S Tri-doped Graphene Templated from In-Situ-Formed Co, S Co-doped g-C3N4 as an Active Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting
Zhang, Geng; Wang, Ping; Lu, Wang-Ting; Wang, Cao-Yu; Li, Yong-Ke; Ding, Cong; Gu, Jiangjiang; Zheng, Xin-Sheng; Cao, Fei-Fei
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2017), 9 (34), 28566-28576CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
The development of high-performance electrocatalyst with earth-abundant elements for water-splitting is a key factor to improve its cost efficiency. Herein, a noble metal-free bifunctional electrocatalyst was synthesized by a facile pyrolysis method using sucrose, urea, Co(NO3)2 and sulfur powder as raw materials. During the fabrication process, Co, S co-doped graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was first produced, and then this in-situ-formed template further induced the generation of a Co, N, S tri-doped graphene coupled with Co nanoparticles (NPs) in the following pyrolysis process. The effect of pyrolysis temp. (700, 800, and 900 °C) on the phys. properties and electrochem. performances of the final product was studied. Thanks to the increased no. of graphene layer encapsulated Co NPs, higher graphitization degree of carbon matrix and the existence of hierarchical macro/meso pores, the composite electrocatalyst prepd. under 900 °C presented the best activity for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with outstanding long-term durability. This work presented a facile method for the fabrication of non-noble-metal-based carbon composite from in-situ-formed template and also demonstrated a potential bifunctional electrocatalyst for the future investigation and application.
28
Dou, S.; Shen, A.; Ma, Z.; Wu, J.; Tao, L.; Wang, S. N-, P- and S-Tridoped Graphene as Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2015, 753, 21– 27, DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.05.013
28
N-, P- and S-tridoped graphene as metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction
Dou, Shuo; Shen, Anli; Ma, Zhaoling; Wu, Jianghong; Tao, Li; Wang, Shuangyin
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry (2015), 753 (), 21-27CODEN: JECHES; ISSN:1873-2569. (Elsevier B.V.)
Exploring high efficient and durable electrocatalysts at low cost for the oxygen redn. reaction (ORR) in fuel cells or metal-air battery to replace precious-metal ones such as platinum (and its alloy) has triggered extensive research interests. Recently, continuous efforts have been made to fabricate doped graphene as ORR electrocatalysts and N-doped graphene is a promising candidate for replacing Pt-based catalysts because of its high ORR catalytic activity, long-term stability, negligible fuel crossover effect, and low cost. In this study, we conducted a one-step method to synthesize N-, P-, S-tridoped graphene (denoted as CNPS) as ORR metal-free electrocatalyst with the acephate as the dopants. The XPS anal. confirms that N, P, S heteroatoms have been successfully doped in graphene sheet and the electrochem. characterization results reveal that the tridoped graphene exhibits efficient ORR activity.
29
Choi, C. H.; Park, S. H.; Woo, S. I. Binary and Ternary Doping of Nitrogen, Boron, and Phosphorus into Carbon for Enhancing Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Activity. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 7084– 7091, DOI: 10.1021/nn3021234
29
Binary and Ternary Doping of Nitrogen, Boron, and Phosphorus into Carbon for Enhancing Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Activity
Choi, Chang Hyuck; Park, Sung Hyeon; Woo, Seong Ihl
ACS Nano (2012), 6 (8), 7084-7091CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
N-doped C, a promising alternative to Pt catalyst for O redn. reactions (ORRs) in acidic media, is modified to increase its catalytic activity through the addnl. doping of B and P at the C growth step. This addnl. doping alters the elec., phys., and morphol. properties of the C. The B-doping reinforces the sp2-structure of graphite and increases the portion of pyridinic-N sites in the C lattice, whereas P-doping enhances the charge delocalization of the C atoms and produces C structures with many edge sites. These elec. and phys. alternations of the N-doped C are more favorable for the redn. of the O on the C surface. Compared with N-doped C, B,N-doped or P,N-doped C shows 1.2 or 2.1 times higher ORR activity at 0.6 V (vs. RHE) in acidic media. The most active catalyst in the reaction is the ternary-doped C (B,P,N-doped C), which records -6.0 mA/mg of mass activity at 0.6 V (vs. RHE), and it is 2.3 times higher than that of the N-doped C. These results imply that the binary or ternary doping of B and P with N into C induces remarkable performance enhancements, and the charge delocalization of the C atoms or no. of edge sites of the C is a significant factor in deciding the O redn. activity in C-based catalysts.
30
Ramasahayam, S. K.; Hicks, Z.; Viswanathan, T. Thiamine-Based Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Silicon Tri-Doped Carbon for Supercapacitor Applications. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2015, 3, 2194– 2202, DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00453
30
Thiamine-based nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon tri-doped carbon for supercapacitor applications
Ramasahayam, Sunil Kumar; Hicks, Zachary; Viswanathan, Tito
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering (2015), 3 (9), 2194-2202CODEN: ASCECG; ISSN:2168-0485. (American Chemical Society)
This paper reports the synthesis of N, P, and Si tri-doped C (NPSiDC) using thiamine (a renewable resource material), silicone fluid, and ammonium polyphosphate. A one-pot microwave assisted method was utilized in synthesizing NPSiDC. The method is simple, rapid, and economical which does not employ any inert or reducing gases. Three variants of NPSiDCs were synthesized by varying the proportions of the precursor materials. NPSiDC-1 was found to have high sp. surface area of 471 m2 g-1 and a single point total pore vol. of 0.25 cm3 g-1. Raman spectroscopy results revealed the presence of defects in an sp2 C lattice. XPS anal. revealed the presence of N, P, Si, and O in C. NPSiDC-1 and NPSiDC-2 exhibited tremendous potential for supercapacitor applications with NPSiDC-1 recording highest specific capacitance value of 318 F g-1 in 6 M KOH. NPSiDCs were discovered to be electrochem. stable after 2000 cycles in 6 M KOH.
31
Tao, H.; Gao, Y.; Talreja, N.; Guo, F.; Texter, J.; Yan, C.; Sun, Z. Two-Dimensional Nanosheets for Electrocatalysis in Energy Generation and Conversion. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 7257– 7284, DOI: 10.1039/C7TA00075H
31
Two-dimensional nanosheets for electrocatalysis in energy generation and conversion
Tao, Hengcong; Gao, Yunnan; Talreja, Neetu; Guo, Fen; Texter, John; Yan, Chao; Sun, Zhenyu
Journal of Materials Chemistry A: Materials for Energy and Sustainability (2017), 5 (16), 7257-7284CODEN: JMCAET; ISSN:2050-7496. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
The 2D structures and tunable properties of nanosheets make them intriguing catalytic materials. This research area is being driven by a need to replace scarce noble metal-based catalysts in energy technologies. We describe recent advances in nanosheet electrocatalysis of oxygen redn., oxygen evolution, hydrogen evolution, and CO2 redn. reactions. We find at this early stage of development that nanosheet catalysis has surpassed classical noble metal catalysts in several of these applications and is showing high potential in others. CO2 redn. to methane is now catalyzed best by metal-free carbon nanosheets. These trends will likely transform heterogeneous catalysis.
32
Wang, L.; Ambrosi, A.; Pumera, M. Metal-Free″ Catalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Heteroatom-Doped Graphene is Caused by Trace Metal Impurities. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 13818– 13821, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309171
32
"Metal-Free" Catalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Heteroatom-Doped Graphene is Caused by Trace Metal Impurities
Wang, Lu; Ambrosi, Adriano; Pumera, Martin
Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2013), 52 (51), 13818-13821CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
The oxygen redn. reaction (ORR) is of high industrial importance. There is a large body of literature showing that metal-based catalytic nanoparticles (e.g. Co, Mn, Fe or hybrid Mn/Co-based nanoparticles) supported on graphene act as efficient catalysts for the ORR. A significant research effort is also directed to the so-called "metal-free" oxygen redn. reaction on heteroatom-doped graphene surfaces. While such studies of the ORR on nonmetallic heteroatom-doped graphene are advertised as "metal-free" there is typically no sufficient effort to characterize the doped materials to verify that they are indeed free of any trace metal. Here we argue that the claimed "metal-free" electrocatalysis of the oxygen redn. reaction on heteroatom-doped graphene is caused by metallic impurities present within the graphene materials.
33
Ambrosi, A.; Chee, S. Y.; Khezri, B.; Webster, R. D.; Sofer, Z.; Pumera, M. Metallic Impurities in Graphenes Prepared from Graphite Can Dramatically Influence Their Properties. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 500– 503, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201106917
33
Metallic Impurities in Graphenes Prepared from Graphite Can Dramatically Influence Their Properties
Ambrosi, Adriano; Chee, Sze Yin; Khezri, Bahareh; Webster, Richard D.; Sofer, Zdenek; Pumera, Martin
Angewandte Chemie, International Edition (2012), 51 (2), 500-503, S500/1-S500/2CODEN: ACIEF5; ISSN:1433-7851. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
The authors demonstrated that graphenes prepd. by the to top-down exfoliation of graphite contain metallic impurities which might dominate their properties and can have a neg. influence on their potential applications. The starting material used in the top-down method is typically graphite, which is available at low cost and in large quantities. Graphite is then treated with strong acids and oxidants to yield graphite oxide which is rich in oxygen-contg. groups. Graphite oxide can then be easily exfoliated by various methods, such as thermal exfoliation or ultrasonication. One of the simplest and most commonly used method consists of subjecting GO to thermal shock by rapidly heating to about 1000°. This treatment results in both the exfoliation to graphene sheets as well as the redn. of GO by elimination of oxygen-contg. groups.
34
Ambrosi, A.; Chua, C. K.; Khezri, B.; Sofer, Z.; Webster, R. D.; Pumera, M. Chemically Reduced Graphene Contains Inherent Metallic Impurities Present in Parent Natural and Synthetic Graphite. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 109, 12899– 12904, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205388109
34
Chemically reduced graphene contains inherent metallic impurities present in parent natural and synthetic graphite
Ambrosi, Adriano; Chua, Chun Kiang; Khezri, Bahareh; Sofer, Zdenek; Webster, Richard D.; Pumera, Martin
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2012), 109 (32), 12899-12904, S12899/1-S12899/3CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
Graphene-related materials are in the forefront of nanomaterial research. One of the most common ways to prep. graphenes is to oxidize graphite (natural or synthetic) to graphite oxide and exfoliate it to graphene oxide with consequent chem. redn. to chem. reduced graphene. Here, it is shown that both natural and synthetic graphite contain a large amt. of metallic impurities that persist in the samples of graphite oxide after the oxidative treatment, and chem. reduced graphene after the chem. redn. It is demonstrated that, despite a substantial elimination during the oxidative treatment of graphite samples, a significant amt. of impurities assocd. to the chem. reduced graphene materials still remain and alter their electrochem. properties dramatically. A method is proposed for the purifn. of graphenes based on thermal treatment at 1,000° in chlorine atm. to reduce the effect of such impurities on the electrochem. properties. The findings have important implications on the whole field of graphene research.
35
Revision of the Treaty of the 20th October, 1883, between Chile and Peru: Letter Dated 1st November, 1920, from the Minister of Peru in France, President of the Peruvian Delegation to the Assembly of the League. League of Nations: Geneva, 1920.
36
Morales Méndez, F. G. Chile de Bolivia: Lo que Chile Tiene que Saber Sobre el Pacífico Boliviano Ahora Chileno. Primera edición; Grupo Editorial Kipus: Cochabamba, Bolivia; p 151.
37
Eyzaguirre, J. Chile y Bolivia: Esquema de Un Proceso Diplomático. 3rd ed.; Zig-Zag: Santiago de Chile, 1963; p 66.
38
Cavieres Figueroa, E.; Cajías de la Vega, F.; Araya, E. Chile-Bolivia, Bolivia-Chile 1820–1930: Desarrollos Políticos, Económicos y Culturales. Ediciones Universitarias de Valparaíso: Valparaíso, Chile, 2008; p 288.
Cited By
Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
This article is cited by 205 publications.
- Krittapong Deshsorn, Panwad Chavalekvirat, Somrudee Deepaisarn, Ho-Chiao Chuang, Pawin Iamprasertkun. Historical Data Mining Deep Dive into Machine Learning-Aided 2D Materials Research in Electrochemical Applications. ACS Materials Au 2026, 6 (1) , 28-56. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialsau.5c00030
- Alasdair R. Fairhurst, Chaewon Lim, Minki Jun, Benjamin J. Ransom, Filip Mackowicz, Dominik Haering, Vojislav R. Stamenkovic. Surface Science: The Foundation of Electrocatalysis. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2025, 147 (44) , 40035-40044. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c10064
- Jun Jiang Luo, Han Yue Liu, Hao Lin Zou, Bang Lin Li. In Situ-Synthesized Gold Nanostructures (issAu) to Minimize Storage Constraints in Sensing Applications. ACS Sensors 2025, 10 (6) , 3806-3817. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c00928
- Dipayan Roy, S. Najes Riaz, Anibrata Banerjee, Souvik Bhattacharjee, Sourav Sarkar, Kalyan Kumar Chattopadhyay. Nitrogen-Functionalized p-Type Graphene Window and Silicon Nanowire Heterostructure with High-Performing NIR Light Detection. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2025, 17 (18) , 27497-27516. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c03700
- Thomas B. Clarke, Lynn E. Krushinski, Kathryn J. Vannoy, Guillermo Colón-Quintana, Kingshuk Roy, Ashutosh Rana, Christophe Renault, Megan L. Hill, Jeffrey E. Dick. Single Entity Electrocatalysis. Chemical Reviews 2024, 124 (15) , 9015-9080. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00723
- Jeffrey T. DuBose, Soren. B Scott, Benjamin Moss. Physical Chemistry Education and Research in an Open-Sourced Future. ACS Physical Chemistry Au 2024, 4 (4) , 292-301. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00078
- Baiying Huang, Yuling Zhang, Hua Zhong, Yongbo Wu, Xiaoming Lin, Weiqin Xu, Guozheng Ma. Strategy for the Preparation of ZnS/ZnO Composites Derived from Metal–Organic Frameworks toward Lithium Storage. Inorganic Chemistry 2024, 63 (26) , 12281-12289. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01680
- Aarti Shukla, Gautam Sharma, Sailaja Krishnamurty. Single-Atom-Catalyst-Implanted MBenes as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction as Realized through Computational Screening. ACS Applied Engineering Materials 2024, 2 (2) , 422-430. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaenm.3c00732
- Mengkun Tian, Wesley D. Tennyson, Mina Yoon, Alexander A. Puretzky, David B. Geohegan, Gerd Duscher, Gyula Eres. Role of Curvature in Stabilizing Boron-Doped Nanocorrugated Graphene. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2024, 16 (1) , 1276-1282. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c10664
- Su-Hyun Yoo, Leonardo Shoji Aota, Sangyong Shin, Ayman A. El-Zoka, Phil Woong Kang, Yonghyuk Lee, Hyunjoo Lee, Se-Ho Kim, Baptiste Gault. Dopant Evolution in Electrocatalysts after Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction in an Alkaline Environment. ACS Energy Letters 2023, 8 (8) , 3381-3386. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.3c00842
- Stefan Wert, Christian Iffelsberger, Akshay Kumar K. Padinjareveetil, Martin Pumera. Edges of Layered FePSe3 Exhibit Increased Electrochemical and Electrocatalytic Activity Compared to Basal Planes. ACS Applied Electronic Materials 2023, 5 (2) , 928-934. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.2c01493
- Yanpeng Zhu, Jiaobing Wang. Helical Synthetic Nanographenes with Atomic Precision. Accounts of Chemical Research 2023, 56 (3) , 363-373. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00767
- Jamil Islam, Parthiba Karthikeyan Obulisamy, Venkata K.K. Upadhyayula, Alan B. Dalton, Pulickel M. Ajayan, Muhammad M. Rahman, Manoj Tripathi, Rajesh Kumar Sani, Venkataramana Gadhamshetty. Graphene as Thinnest Coating on Copper Electrodes in Microbial Methanol Fuel Cells. ACS Nano 2023, 17 (1) , 137-145. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c05512
- Pablo A. Denis. Heteroatom Codoped Graphene: The Importance of Nitrogen. ACS Omega 2022, 7 (50) , 45935-45961. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c06010
- Yuanyuan Lu, Xiuting Li, Archana Kaliyaraj Selva Kumar, Richard G. Compton. Does Nitrogen Doping Enhance the Electrocatalysis of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction by Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes?. ACS Catalysis 2022, 12 (15) , 8740-8745. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.2c02465
- Weiyin Chen, Chang Ge, John Tianci Li, Jacob L. Beckham, Zhe Yuan, Kevin M. Wyss, Paul A. Advincula, Lucas Eddy, Carter Kittrell, Jinhang Chen, Duy Xuan Luong, Robert A. Carter, James M. Tour. Heteroatom-Doped Flash Graphene. ACS Nano 2022, 16 (4) , 6646-6656. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c01136
- Andrew R. Akbashev. Electrocatalysis Goes Nuts. ACS Catalysis 2022, 12 (8) , 4296-4301. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.2c00123
- Alexandria R. C. Bredar, Miles D. Blanchet, Andricus R. Burton, Bethany E. Matthews, Steven R. Spurgeon, Ryan B. Comes, Byron H. Farnum. Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis with Epitaxially Grown Spinel MnFe2O4 and Fe3O4. ACS Catalysis 2022, 12 (6) , 3577-3588. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.1c05172
- Mehran Ghasemlou, Edwin L.H. Mayes, Billy J. Murdoch, Phuc H. Le, Chaitali Dekiwadia, Arturo Aburto-Medina, Fugen Daver, Elena P. Ivanova, Benu Adhikari. Silicon-Doped Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots as Efficient Nanoconjugates for Multifunctional Nanocomposites. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2022, 14 (5) , 7161-7174. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c22208
- Anja Aarva, Sami Sainio, Volker L. Deringer, Miguel A. Caro, Tomi Laurila. X-ray Spectroscopy Fingerprints of Pristine and Functionalized Graphene. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2021, 125 (33) , 18234-18246. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c03238
- Mohamed Barakat Zakaria Hegazy, Mohamed Reda Berber, Yusuke Yamauchi, Amir Pakdel, Rui Cao, Ulf-Peter Apfel. Synergistic Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution in Ni/NiS Nanoparticles Wrapped in Multi-Heteroatom-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2021, 13 (29) , 34043-34052. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c05888
- Rylan Rowsey, Erin E. Taylor, Stephan Irle, Nicholas P. Stadie, Robert K. Szilagyi. Methane Adsorption on Heteroatom-Modified Maquettes of Porous Carbon Surfaces. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2021, 125 (28) , 6042-6058. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11284
- Ruiyang Miao, Minjun Yang, Richard G Compton. The Electro-oxidation of Hydrazine with Palladium Nanoparticle Modified Electrodes: Dissecting Chemical and Physical Effects: Catalysis, Surface Roughness, or Porosity?. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2021, 12 (28) , 6661-6666. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01955
- In Ho Kim, Joonwon Lim, Sang Ouk Kim. Discovery of Single-Atom Catalyst: Customized Heteroelement Dopants on Graphene. Accounts of Materials Research 2021, 2 (6) , 394-406. https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.1c00016
- Denis A. Kuznetsov, Zixuan Chen, Paula M. Abdala, Olga V. Safonova, Alexey Fedorov, Christoph R. Müller. Single-Atom-Substituted Mo2CTx:Fe-Layered Carbide for Selective Oxygen Reduction to Hydrogen Peroxide: Tracking the Evolution of the MXene Phase. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2021, 143 (15) , 5771-5778. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c00504
- Jan Kolařík, Aristides Bakandritsos, Zdeněk Bad’ura, Rabindranath Lo, Giorgio Zoppellaro, Štěpán Kment, Alberto Naldoni, Yu Zhang, Martin Petr, Ondřej Tomanec, Jan Filip, Michal Otyepka, Pavel Hobza, Radek Zbořil. Carboxylated Graphene for Radical-Assisted Ultra-Trace-Level Water Treatment and Noble Metal Recovery. ACS Nano 2021, 15 (2) , 3349-3358. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c10093
- Ioan-Alexandru Baragau, Nicholas P. Power, David J. Morgan, Richard A. Lobo, Christopher S. Roberts, Maria-Magdalena Titirici, Vesna Middelkoop, Adriana Diaz, Steven Dunn, Suela Kellici. Efficient Continuous Hydrothermal Flow Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots from a Targeted Biomass Precursor for On–Off Metal Ions Nanosensing. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2021, 9 (6) , 2559-2569. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c08594
- Sami Sainio, Niklas Wester, Anja Aarva, Charles J. Titus, Dennis Nordlund, Esko I. Kauppinen, Elli Leppänen, Tommi Palomäki, Jessica E. Koehne, Olli Pitkänen, Krisztian Kordas, Maria Kim, Harri Lipsanen, Miran Mozetič, Miguel A. Caro, M. Meyyappan, Jari Koskinen, Tomi Laurila. Trends in Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Core in the X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Carbon Nanomaterials: A Guide for the Perplexed. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2021, 125 (1) , 973-988. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c08597
- Anton V. Kuzmin, Bagrat A. Shainyan. Theoretical Density Functional Theory Study of Electrocatalytic Activity of MN4-Doped (M = Cu, Ag, and Zn) Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Oxygen Reduction Reactions. ACS Omega 2021, 6 (1) , 374-387. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c04727
- Paulina Prslja, Núria López. Stability and Redispersion of Ni Nanoparticles Supported on N-Doped Carbons for the CO2 Electrochemical Reduction. ACS Catalysis 2021, 11 (1) , 88-94. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c01909
- Regina E. Treviño, Jeffrey W. Slater, Hannah S. Shafaat. Robust Carbon-Based Electrodes for Hydrogen Evolution through Site-Selective Covalent Attachment of an Artificial Metalloenzyme. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2020, 3 (11) , 11099-11112. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c02069
- Rostislav Langer, Piotr Błoński, Christoph Hofer, Petr Lazar, Kimmo Mustonen, Jannik C. Meyer, Toma Susi, Michal Otyepka. Tailoring Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Graphene by Phosphorus Doping. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020, 12 (30) , 34074-34085. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c07564
- Riddhiman Medhi, Maria D. Marquez, T. Randall Lee. Visible-Light-Active Doped Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Review of their Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. ACS Applied Nano Materials 2020, 3 (7) , 6156-6185. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c01035
- Martin Pumera. Materials Electrochemists’ Never-Ending Quest for Efficient Electrocatalysts: The Devil Is in the Impurities. ACS Catalysis 2020, 10 (13) , 7087-7092. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c02020
- Jie He, Csaba Janáky. Recent Advances in Solar-Driven Carbon Dioxide Conversion: Expectations versus Reality. ACS Energy Letters 2020, 5 (6) , 1996-2014. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00645
- Timothy T. Yang, Wissam A. Saidi. Graphene Activation Explains the Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution on Graphene-Coated Molybdenum Carbide Electrocatalysts. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2020, 11 (7) , 2759-2764. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00615
- Raymond E. Schaak (Associate Editor). Beyond Guano-Doped Graphene. ACS Nano 2020, 14 (3) , 2555-2556. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c02181
- Paul S. Weiss (Editor-in-Chief). Big Nano Conversations. ACS Nano 2020, 14 (1) , 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c00437
- Dongya Ma, Chunyan Fan, Pingyuan Chen, Ruishuo Liu, Yanjiao Wang, Mengqi Jiao, Jintong Wang, Zhi Li, Xiaofei Yin, Lifei Ji, Hongliang Li. A dot-line lap CNTs@ZIF-67 composite enhances desalination efficiency via Co N mediated ion-adsorption in flow capacitive deionization. Chemical Engineering Journal 2026, 529 , 172853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2026.172853
- Chang Zhou, Zhaogang Tang, Yuxin Wei, Han Li, Di Lu, Kun Chen, Pengpeng Hu, Wentao Cao, Xianhong Zheng, Xinghua Hong. Integration of dual-mode sensing with machine learning: A versatile, integrable fiber tactile system and its multi-scenario applications. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2026, 1052 , 186162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2026.186162
- Mario Urso, Sergio Battiato, Nabiollah Gholamiarjenaki, Helena Rabelo, Maria Chiara Spadaro, Jordi Arbiol, Michela Sanna, Sanjay Kumar, Martin Pumera, Antonio Terrasi, Francesco Priolo, Salvo Mirabella. Improving Ni(OH)2 electrocatalysis with graphene quantum dots. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2026, 199 , 152873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152873
- Feng Chen, Junshuang Zhou, Wenfeng Peng, Xiaowen Feng, Zikang Zhao, Yubin Yuan, Tianshuo Wang, Faming Gao. Hierarchical CuO@Ni/NiO nanoarchitectures with dual synergistic effects for industrial high-current-density hydrogen evolution. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2025, 726 , 137744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.137744
- Yutong Wu, Fei Gao, Yuhao Zhang, Guotao Wang, Shangbo Wang, Yu Zhao, Han Yang, Wenqi Wu, Wayko D. Wagner, Xiang Liu, Yunlei Zhou, Yi Zhang, Chao Wang, Zhoulu Wang. Everything works, almost: A perspective on material evaluation in aqueous battery research. Joule 2025, 9 (12) , 102202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2025.102202
- Simone Colantoni, Angela Marchetti, Marco Zeppilli, Lorenzo Cristiani. Towards the industrial application of microbial electrolysis cells for hydrogen production: a critical review on cell’s components. Environmental Chemistry and Safety 2025, 1 (3) , 9600019. https://doi.org/10.26599/ECS.2025.9600019
- Adfar Rashid, Mohammad Yaseen Kuchey, Anil Kumar, Sana Zahoor, Mohsin Ahmad Bhat, Harish Mudila. Defect rich reduced graphene oxide supported zinc sulfide nanodeposits: A promising platform for ultrasensitive electrochemical sensing of acetaminophen. Electrochimica Acta 2025, 543 , 147527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2025.147527
- Jiajin Liu, Zhe Yang, Shaoxin Li, Han Qian, Ting Gan, Ning Wu, Zhong Lin Wang, Di Wei. Modular contact-electro-chemistry based on dielectrics with work function-tunable metal coatings. Nano Energy 2025, 144 , 111389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111389
- Adriano Rogerio Silva Lima, Gabriel Chitolina-Rodrigues, Sthephany Van Sebroeck Dória, Dara Djenifer Rodrigues Grundmann, Thayná Alves de Lima, Habdias de Araujo Silva-Neto, Glaucio Régis Nagurniak, Hellen Karine Stulzer, Cristiane Luisa Jost. Electrochemical sensing of cannabidiol in pharmaceutical dosage forms using modification-free carbon-based electrodes: A voltammetric approach for on-site detection. Electrochimica Acta 2025, 541 , 147291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2025.147291
- G. Srividhya, A. Lalithkrishnan, C. Viswanathan, N. Ponpandian. Synergistic surface modification of NiV LDH/rGO composite by plasma treatment for improved near-neutral hydrogen evolution reaction. Surfaces and Interfaces 2025, 76 , 107852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2025.107852
- Arben Merkoçi. Towards the next generation of nanobiosensors. Nature Nanotechnology 2025, 20 (10) , 1346-1349. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-025-02038-4
- P. Fortugno, A. Sahinovic, N. Wilson, J. Tuling, C.-F. López-Cámara, R. Pentcheva, H. Wiggers. Microwave plasma synthesis of freestanding sulfur-doped few-layer graphene and the impact of the dopant on the electrical transport properties: Experiment and simulation. Carbon 2025, 245 , 120815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120815
- Yuxin Zhong, Jiahao Pi, Jianbin Zeng, Han Xu, Sha Chen, Pengcheng Liao, Yuanyuan Liao, Yan Qing, Yiqiang Wu. Carbonized wood fibers coupled with carbon-coated manganese oxide for high performance aqueous zinc ion batteries. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2025, 721 , 137250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.137250
- Yue Shao, Kanglei Pang, Hong Wang, Jiayin Yuan. Engineering Carbons by Elemental Doping and Processing Procedures for Design of Functional Materials. Small 2025, 21 (36) https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202503508
- Imarn Ali, Pavel V. Oskin, Tatyana Petrovna Dyachkova, Gunel Imanova, Alina Aleksandrovna Kovaleva, Elena Dmitriyevna Dmitrieva, Sergey Valeryevich Alferov, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Mouslim Messali. Advances in one-step functionalization of graphene oxide during electrochemical graphite exfoliation. Journal of Materials Science 2025, 60 (31) , 13156-13190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-025-11177-x
- Qingyun Yang, Yue Ma, Quanyi Ye, Yiqing Liu, Yuhong Luo, Yongbo Wu, Zhiguang Xu, Xiaoming Lin. Prussian blue analogues derived MO/MFe2O4 (M = Ni, Cu, Zn) nanoparticles as a high-performance anode material for enhanced lithium storage. Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry 2025, 44 (8) , 100631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjsc.2025.100631
- Hao Wang, Xiaodong Shao, Yafei Wei, Xinran Ai, Jianguo Yu, Ningru Xiao, Ruihui Gan, Yuning Qu. In situ sacrificial CoMoO4 template to derive molybdenum-doped CoOOH nanosheets for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction. Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy 2025, 367 , 125110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2025.125110
- Baptiste Gault, Leonardo Shoji Aota, Mathias Krämer, Se-Ho Kim. From impurity ingress to high-performance doping: A perspective on atom probe tomography in energy materials. Scripta Materialia 2025, 262 , 116648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2025.116648
- Jangyang Mei, Yong Jin, Kun Huang, Haonan Chen, Rong Zhou, Zhexian Mao, Hailong Yang. A solar-driven heterojunction hydrogel with reversible phase transition for efficient photocatalytic decontamination and freshwater generation. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2025, 13 (19) , 14041-14054. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5TA01079A
- Vu Nguyen, Shubham Vyas. Evaluating Theoretical Approaches to Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Supports. Catalysts 2025, 15 (5) , 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15050473
- Laura Crociani. Metal-Free Graphene-Based Derivatives as Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts in Energy Conversion and Storage Systems: An Overview. Molecules 2025, 30 (10) , 2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30102248
- Alla Belousova, Larisa Abrosimova, Marina Bogdanova. Academic Writing: Origins and Impact of Eloquence. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE) 2025, 13 (1) , 223-231. https://doi.org/10.23947/2334-8496-2025-13-1-223-231
- Xiaoyang Yue, Chen Guan, Hui Yang, Minshu Chen, Quanjun Xiang. Elucidating the Functional Orbital Evolution in Transition Metal‐Doped Bi 3 O 4 Br Platforms for CO 2 Photoreduction. Small 2025, 21 (17) https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202412527
- Hanyu Ren, Rongli Zhang, Na Wang, Tongtong Li, Zhuo Ge, Chunhui Luo. An antifouling, robust and adhesive hydrogel for cartilage replacement. European Polymer Journal 2025, 230 , 113897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2025.113897
- Jason S. Bates. Progress and pitfalls in designing heterogeneous catalysts with molecular precision. Nature Chemistry 2025, 17 (3) , 318-324. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-024-01731-6
- Shengcui Pang, Junjie Wang, Baoling Wang, Mingshan Zhu, Guangzhi Hu, Haijiao Xie, Sujuan Hu. Advancements in silicon‐air batteries: High performance asymmetric‐electrolyte and quasi‐solid‐state designs for portable applications. Carbon Energy 2025, 7 (2) https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.661
- Jiali Sun, Yuying Dang, Xiaoyan Sun, Saskia Heumann, Yuxiao Ding. Can Carbon be Used as an Anode for Water Splitting?. ChemSusChem 2025, 18 (3) https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202401340
- Shailendra K. Sharma, Chang Wu, Niall Malone, Laura J. Titheridge, Chuan Zhao, Prasanth Gupta, Hicham Idriss, John V. Kennedy, Vedran Jovic, Aaron T. Marshall. Ru-based catalysts for proton exchange membrane water electrolysers: The need to look beyond just another catalyst. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2025, 102 , 1461-1479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.485
- Arpana Agrawal. Top-down strategies for achieving high-quality graphene: Recent advancements. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2025, 142 , 103-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2024.07.053
- Biagio Di Vizio, Giorgio Lazzari, Roman Strzelczyk, Giacomo De Crescenzo, Antonio Barbon, Claudio Garino, Roberto Gobetto, Stefano Agnoli. Green synthesis of graphene acetic acid: A highly effective and versatile carbocatalyst for advanced oxidation reactions. Carbon 2025, 233 , 119856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2024.119856
- . A cartography of named supramolecular interactions. 2025, 155-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-33403-0.00003-3
- Qianqian Zhao, Xin Zhao, Zongshun Zhang, Yuanrong Ye, Xixia Zhao, Guijuan Wei, Honglei Chen. In-situ growth of ZIF-67-derived Co/wood-based carbon self-supporting electrocatalysts for stable hydrogen evolution at high current density. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2024, 96 , 235-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.247
- Ziqi Zhang, Zhe Zhang, Cailing Chen, Rui Wang, Minggang Xie, Sheng Wan, Ruige Zhang, Linchuan Cong, Haiyan Lu, Yu Han, Wei Xing, Zhan Shi, Shouhua Feng. Single-atom platinum with asymmetric coordination environment on fully conjugated covalent organic framework for efficient electrocatalysis. Nature Communications 2024, 15 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46872-x
- Stefano Zago, Laura C. Scarpetta-Pizo, José H. Zagal, Stefania Specchia. PGM-Free Biomass-Derived Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Energy Conversion Devices: Promising Materials. Electrochemical Energy Reviews 2024, 7 (1) https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-023-00197-3
- Wenli Jiang, Yanghua Duan, Siva R.S. Bandaru, Jelena Radjenovic, David L. Sedlak, Baoxia Mi. Inhibition of chlorinated byproducts formation by boron-doped rGO electrodes during electrooxidation of trace organic contaminants. Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy 2024, 357 , 124303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2024.124303
- Hui Gong, Ziyi Shen, Ziyi Liu, Yuewei Jiang, Bo Chen, Yingying Su, Jinghui Zhou, Huihui Wang, Yao Li. Molecular regulation of lignin multi-level structure and conformational evolution for the self-powered fire alarm sensors. Chemical Engineering Journal 2024, 499 , 156134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.156134
- Bibhuti Bhusan Rath, Simon Krause, Bettina Valeska Lotsch. Active Site Engineering in Reticular Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. Advanced Functional Materials 2024, 34 (43) https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202309060
- Akshay Kumar K. Padinjareveetil, Martin Pykal, Aristides Bakandritsos, Radek Zbořil, Michal Otyepka, Martin Pumera. Real Time Tracking of Nanoconfined Water‐Assisted Ion Transfer in Functionalized Graphene Derivatives Supercapacitor Electrodes. Advanced Science 2024, 11 (39) https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202307583
- Shraddha M. Rajore, Archana R. Kanwade, Jena Akash Kumar Satrughna, Manish Kumar Tiwari, Parasharam M. Shirage. A comprehensive review on advancements in catalysts for aluminum-air batteries. Journal of Power Sources 2024, 616 , 235101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235101
- Konstantin K. Zamansky, Fedor S. Fedorov, Sergey D. Shandakov, Margarita Chetyrkina, Albert G. Nasibulin. A gas sensor based on free-standing SWCNT film for selective recognition of toxic and flammable gases under thermal cycling protocols. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2024, 417 , 136116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2024.136116
- Max R Parker, John D Wale, Ben Hunt. Comparison of Carbonised Foam to Other Testing Media for Insulation Verification of Hairpin Windings. 2024, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEM60801.2024.10700531
- Saudagar Dongare, Muhammad Zeeshan, Ahmet Safa Aydogdu, Ruth Dikki, Samira F. Kurtoğlu-Öztulum, Oguz Kagan Coskun, Miguel Muñoz, Avishek Banerjee, Manu Gautam, R. Dominic Ross, Jared S. Stanley, Rowan S. Brower, Baleeswaraiah Muchharla, Robert L. Sacci, Jesús M. Velázquez, Bijandra Kumar, Jenny Y. Yang, Christopher Hahn, Seda Keskin, Carlos G. Morales-Guio, Alper Uzun, Joshua M. Spurgeon, Burcu Gurkan. Reactive capture and electrochemical conversion of CO 2 with ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. Chemical Society Reviews 2024, 53 (17) , 8563-8631. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4CS00390J
- Aarti Shukla. Tailoring Hydrogen Evolution Reaction with single-atom catalysts on Ti 2 B MBenes: Insights from computational screening. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2024, 77 , 479-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.06.141
- Sumati Patil, Daniele Perilli, Mirco Panighel, Anu Baby, Cinzia Cepek, Giovanni Comelli, Cristiana Di Valentin, Cristina Africh. A novel synthesis route with large-scale sublattice asymmetry in boron doped graphene on Ni(111). Surfaces and Interfaces 2024, 51 , 104700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2024.104700
- Nathanne Cristina Vilela Rost, Maha Said, Mustafa Gharib, Raphaël Lévy, Federico Boem. Better nanoscience through open, collaborative, and critical discussions. Materials Horizons 2024, 11 (13) , 3005-3010. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3MH01781H
- Islam F. Nuriahmetov, Ilya A. Zavidovskiy, Abdusame A. Khaidarov, Natalya F. Savchenko, Andrey A. Tatarintsev, Viacheslav V. Dremov, Oleg A. Streletskiy. Carbonized polyvinylidene difluoride films irradiated by variable-energy Ar+: Tunable morphology and resistive sensing. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 2024, 42 (4) https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0003657
- Yannik Kohlhaas, Yannick S. Tschauder, Wenzel Plischka, Ulrich Simon, Rüdiger-A. Eichel, Matthias Wessling, Robert Keller. Electrochemical urea synthesis. Joule 2024, 8 (6) , 1579-1600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2024.04.004
- Martin Pumera, Parth Thakkar. Single atom engineered materials for sensors. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2024, 174 , 117660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2024.117660
- Maciej Fronczak, Zoltán Károly, Predrag Banković, Zorica Mojović. The influence of precursor selection on electrochemical properties of radiofrequency thermal plasma synthesized graphene. Microchemical Journal 2024, 199 , 110079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2024.110079
- Rafael G. Yoshimura, Thiago V. de B. Ferraz, Priscilla J. Zambiazi, Juliano A. Bonacin. Co-Prussian blue analogue supported on graphene-based materials as an electrocatalyst for OER at neutral pH. Energy Advances 2024, 3 (2) , 495-503. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3YA00483J
- Sumon Santra, Avigyan Bose, Koushik Mitra, Ashadul Adalder. Exploring two decades of graphene: The jack of all trades. Applied Materials Today 2024, 36 , 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2024.102066
- Bartłomiej M. Szyja, Joanna Zasada, Elżbieta Dziadyk-Stopyra. Ru-pincer complexes as charge transfer mediators in electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction. Molecular Catalysis 2024, 555 , 113875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2024.113875
- Raheela Akhter, Shokat Hussain, Shrikant S. Maktedar. Advanced graphene-based (photo & electro) catalysts for sustainable & clean energy technologies. New Journal of Chemistry 2024, 48 (2) , 437-505. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3NJ03799A
- Robin J. White. Naturally Inspired Heme-Like Chemistries for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Going Beyond Platinum Group Metals in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Catalysis. 2024, 325-351. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42700-8_17
- Zihao Ma, Yukai Duan, Yao Liu, Ying Han, Xing Wang, Guangwei Sun, Yao Li. Synergistic effects of hierarchical porous structures and ultra-high pyridine nitrogen doping enhance the oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalytic performance of metal-free laminated lignin-based carbon. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2024, 256 , 128292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128292
- Wenli Jiang, Muhammad Rizwan Haider, Yanghua Duan, Jinglong Han, Yangcheng Ding, Baoxia Mi, Aijie Wang. Metal-free electrified membranes for contaminants oxidation: Synergy effect between membrane rejection and nanoconfinement. Water Research 2024, 248 , 120862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120862
- Runcong Liu. Ideal Site Geometry for Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions: A DFT Study. Catalysts 2024, 14 (1) , 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14010034
- Patrick Recum, Thomas Hirsch. Graphene-based chemiresistive gas sensors. Nanoscale Advances 2023, 6 (1) , 11-31. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3NA00423F
- Kefeng Ping, Rohit Bhadoria, Pavel Starkov, Nadezda Kongi. M–N–C materials as heterogeneous catalysts for organic transformations. Coordination Chemistry Reviews 2023, 497 , 215412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215412
- Muhammad Sohail, Zunaira Urooj, Xinlan Bian, Sobia Noreen, Mirza Muhammad Faran Ashraf Baig, Jannat BiBi, Xing Zhang, Bingzhi Li, He Huang. Feasibility of MoS2 for analytical and bioanalytical applications. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2023, 169 , 117398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2023.117398
- Goitom K. Gebremariam, Aleksandar Z. Jovanović, Igor A. Pašti. The Effect of Electrolytes on the Kinetics of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Hydrogen 2023, 4 (4) , 776-806. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen4040049
- Yaoyao Chen, Xiesen Hu, Xiudong Chen, Jin-Hang Liu, Yan Huang, Dapeng Cao. Trimetallic-Organic Framework-Derived Ni-Doped MnO/PC as cathodes for High-Performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Chemical Engineering Journal 2023, 478 , 147411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.147411