The PopuList offers researchers, journalists, policymakers and citizens an overview of populist, far-left and far-right parties in Europe from 1989 until 1 June 2026. The PopuList has been supported by the Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, the Amsterdam Centre for European Studies, the Department of Politics of the University of York, the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, The Guardian, and the ECPR Standing Group on Extremism and Democracy, and has been used in numerous publications.
In May 2026, version 4.0 of The PopuList was launched. Updates from earlier versions include:
The party vote share of far-left, far-left populist, populist, far-right populist, and far-right parties, as depicted below, is an approximation based on parliamentary election data primarily drawn from Döring and Manow (2024) and manually additions*. The graph excludes borderline cases of classified parties.
If you make use of The PopuList, please refer to…
Rooduijn, Matthijs, Andrea L.P. Pirro, Daphne Halikiopoulou, Caterina Froio, Stijn van Kessel, Sarah L. de Lange, Cas Mudde, and Paul Taggart (2024). The PopuList: A Database of Populist, Far-Left, and Far-Right Parties Using Expert-Informed Qualitative Comparative Classification (EiQCC). British Journal of Political Science, 54(3), 969-978. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123423000431.
Rooduijn, Matthijs, Andrea L.P. Pirro, Daphne Halikiopoulou, Caterina Froio, Stijn van Kessel, Sarah L. de Lange, Cas Mudde, and Paul Taggart (2023). The PopuList 3.0: An Overview of Populist, Far-left and Far-right Parties in Europe. www.popu-list.org. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/2EWKQ.
*The vote-share changes of parties classified by the PopuList should be treated as rough approximations. For the period from 1993 to mid-2023, the PopuList draws on election data from the ParlGov dataset (Döring & Manow, 2024). Where incompleteness in this dataset was identified (for example, missing pre-2000 data for Croatia, or vote-share data for parties such as the Austrian KPÖ across several elections between 1990 and 2019) it was manually supplemented using the PPEG dataset (Krause et al., 2025), Nordsieck (2026), and official national election sources, yet discrepancies may remain. For the period from mid-2023 onwards, we relied primarily on Nordsieck (2026) and official national election sources. During the manual compilation, we found that for some PopuList parties, only coalition-level rather than individual vote-share data was available; we assessed these cases individually to determine whether a party’s vote share should be included in the main figure. For example, we excluded the French party La France Insoumise, which ran under the Nouveau Front Populaire coalition, or the Czech party Komunistická strana Cech a Moravy, which ran together with the parties Stačilo and Česká Strana Sociálne Demokratická, from the vote-share graph. It is also possible that some missing data for the pre-mid-2023 period reflects ParlGov’s treatment of parties that ran as part of coalitions, where the coalition’s ParlGov ID did not correspond to the individual party’s ParlGov ID as listed in the PopuList.