Lightning safety of animals

5 min read Original article ↗
  • Anderson RB, Eriksson AJ (1980) Lightning parameters for engineering application. CIGRE Electra 69:65–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews CJ (1992) Telephone-related lightning injury. Med J Austr 157:823–826

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews CJ, Darvaniza M (1989) Telephone-mediated lightning injury: an Australian survey. J Trauma 29(5):665–671

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Appel G (1991) Deaths in swine by a lightning strike in the sty. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 8:187–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedenice D, Hoffman AM, Parrott B, McDonnel J (2001) Vestibular signs associated with suspected lightning strike in two horses. Vet Rec 149(17):519–522

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berger G (2007) Lightning-caused accidents and injuries to human, IX International Symposium on Lightning Protection. Fos Do Iguaco, Brazil

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger K, Anderson RB, Kröninger H (1975) Parameters of lightning flashes. CIGRE Electra 41:23–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Best RH (1967) Lightning stroke in swine. Can Vet J 8(1):23–24

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boeve MH, Huijben R, Grinwis G, Djajadiningrat-Laanen SC (2004) Visual impairment after suspected lightning strike in a herd of Holstein-Friesian cattle. Vet Rec 154:402–404

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brightwell AH (1968) Lightning stroke in livestock. Can Vet J 9:186–188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper MA (1980) Lightning injuries: prognostic signs for death. Ann Emerg Med 9(3):134–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooray V (2003) The lightning flash. IET, London, UK

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cooray V, Cooray C, Andrews CJ (2007) Lightning caused injuries in humans. J Electrost 65:386–394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coorper CJ, Darvaniza M, Mackerras D (1989) Lightning injury: a review of clinical aspects, pathophysiology and treatment. Adv Trauma 4:241–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Carte AE, Anderson RB, Cooper MA (2002) A large group of children struck by lightning. Ann Emerg Med 39(6):665–670

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duclos PJ, Sanderson LM (1990) An epidemiological description of lightning-related deaths in the United States. Int J Epidemiol 19:673–679

    Google Scholar 

  • Elsom DM (2000) Deaths and injuries caused by lightning in the United Kingdom: analysis of two databases. Atmos Res 56:325–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epperly TD, Stewart JR (1989) The physical effects of lightning injury. J Fam Pract 29:267–272

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson AJ, Smith MA (1986) A study of lightning fatalities and related incidents in Southern Africa. Trans SA Inst Elec Eng 163–178

  • Fahmy FS, Brinsden M, Smith J, Frame JD (1999) Lightning: multisystem group injuries. J Trauma 46(5):937–940

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes C, Kadir MZAAb (2011) A theoretical approach to estimate the annual lightning hazards on human beings. Atmos Res 101:719–725. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.04.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes C, Ahmed M, Abeysinghe K R, Hussain F (2006) Lightning accidents and awareness in South Asia: experience in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Kanasawa, Japan

  • Heidler F, Diendorfer G, Zischank W (2004) Examples of severe destruction of trees caused by lightning, 27th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Avignon, France, 8a.3

  • IEC 62305-3 Ed. 1.0 (2006) Protection against lightning—part 3: physical damage to structures and life hazard. International Electrotechnical Commission

  • Ishikawa T, Ohashi M, Kitagawa N, Nagai Y, Miyazawa T (1985) Experimental study on the lethal-threshold value of multiple successive voltage impulses to rabbits simulating multi-strike lightning flash. Inst J Biometeorol 29(2):157–168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karobath H, Redtenbacher M, Hofecker G, Walde I, Syré G (1977) Causes of death in lightning strokes (originally in German). MMW Munch Med Wochenschr 119(1):29–32

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitagawa N, Kinoshita K, Ishikawa T (1972) Discharge experiment using dummies and rabbits simulating lightning strokes on human bodies. Int J Biometeor 17:239–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackerras D (1992) Occurrence of lightning death and injury. In: Andrews et al (eds) Lightning injuries: electrical, medical, and legal aspects. CRC Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Muehlberger PM, Vogt AMM (2001) The long-term consequences of lightning injuries. Burns 27:829–833

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagai N, Ishikawa T, Ohashi M, Kitagawa N (1982) Study of lethal effects of multiple-stroke flash. Res Lett Atmos Electr 2:87–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman ME, Albertson D, Younge BR (2001) Ophthalmic manifestations of lightning stroke. Surv Ophthalmol 46(1):19–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohashi M, Hosomi Y, Fujishiro Y, Muto T (1978) Threshold value of lethal energy of electric discharge to rats. J Toden Hosp 8:71–79 (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohashi M, Hosomi Y, Fujishiro Y (1981a) Lethal threshold energy of artificial lightning applied on rats: comparison of lethal energy of rats and rabbits. J Toden Hosp 10–11:41–50 (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohashi M, Hosomi Y, Fujishiro Y, Ishikawa T, Miyazawa T, Kitagawa N, Tsurumi S, Kinoshita K, Nagai Y, Takagi K (1981b) Experimental studies of resuscitation for rabbit after artificial lightning discharge. J Toden Hosp 10–11:51–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Toepler M (1906) Information on the law of guiding spark formation. Annalen der Physik 21(12):193–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Alstine WG, Widmer WR (2003) Lightning injury in an outdoor swine herd. J Vet Diagn Invest 15:289–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb J, Srinivasan J, Fahmy F, Frame JD (1996) Unusual skin injury from lightning. Lancet 347:321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams MA (2000) Lightning strike in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 22:860–866

    Google Scholar 

  • Žele D, Bidovec A, Vengušt G (2006) Atmospheric flash injuries in roe deer (capreolus capreolus). Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 54(1):43–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann C, Coorper MA, Holle RL (2002) Lightning safety guidelines. Ann Emerg Med 39(6):660–665

    Article  Google Scholar