1. Conservation and Degradation
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed; however, each transformation increases entropy, degrading energy's ability to perform work.
Rudolf Clausius (1865) — Formulated the second law of thermodynamics: energy is conserved but degrades in quality through entropy increase.
2. Persistence Requires Dissipation
All open systems that maintain structure far from equilibrium, persist only by consuming low-entropy energy and exporting entropy to their surroundings.
Ilya Prigogine (1977) — Demonstrated that self-organizing "dissipative structures" persist by exporting entropy while consuming energy gradients.
3. Selection Favors Greater Dissipation
Systems that capture and dissipate energy more effectively grow, replicate, and outcompete less dissipative systems.
Jeremy L. England (2013) — Proposed dissipation-driven adaptation: physical systems naturally evolve toward states that dissipate energy more efficiently.
4. Intelligence as Predictive Dissipation
Adaptive systems survive by minimizing informational free energy; reducing prediction error between internal models and external reality through Bayesian updating.
Karl Friston (2010) — The free-energy principle: adaptive intelligence minimizes surprise (informational free energy) to stabilize thermodynamic flow.
5. Sustainability as Gradient Regeneration
Because the low-entropy substrate is finite, long-term persistence requires not only consuming existing gradients but creating and maintaining new ones that renew the potential for dissipation.
Erwin Schrödinger (1944) — Argued that life endures by feeding on "negative entropy," maintaining order by regenerating usable energy gradients.
6. Finite Substrate Implies Inevitable Competition
Since the universe contains a limited supply of low-entropy matter and energy, any system's growth reduces what is available to others.
Garrett Hardin (1968) — In The Tragedy of the Commons, showed that finite resources inevitably provoke competition among self-interested systems.
7. Value as Persistence
All values, goals, and ethics emerge from the continued existence of the systems that hold them. Any ethic that undermines its own thermodynamic viability is self-negating.
N. Georgescu-Roegen (1971) — In The Entropy Law and the Economic Process, linked enduring value to thermodynamic viability and entropy constraints.