GitHub - portofcontext/pctx-py-sandbox: A Python decorator that executes untrusted code in isolated sandboxes with defense-in-depth security, designed for safe execution of LLM-generated code on local machines.

A Python decorator that executes untrusted code in isolated Podman containers, designed for safe execution of LLM-generated code on local machines.

Installation

Prerequisites

Install Podman (required for container isolation):

macOS

brew install podman
podman machine init
podman machine start

Linux (Ubuntu/Debian)

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install podman

Linux (Fedora/RHEL)

Install pctx-sandbox

Quick Start

from pctx_sandbox import sandbox

@sandbox(dependencies=["pandas"])
def process_data(data: list[dict]) -> dict:
    import pandas as pd
    df = pd.DataFrame(data)
    return {"rows": len(df), "columns": list(df.columns)}

# Just call it normally - runs in isolated Podman container
result = process_data([{"name": "Alice", "age": 30}])

How Dependencies Work

The @sandbox decorator handles dependencies automatically:

1. Specify dependencies using standard pip syntax:

   @sandbox(dependencies=["requests==2.31.0", "pandas>=2.0.0"])
   def fetch_and_process(url: str) -> dict:
       import requests
       import pandas as pd
       # Your code here

2. Dependency caching with warm pools - Dependencies are installed once and reused:

   • Each unique combination of dependencies creates a cached virtual environment
   • A pool of warm workers is maintained per dependency set for instant execution
   • Workers are automatically rotated after 100 jobs or 1 hour
   • Cache key is based on the sorted list of dependencies

3. Isolation guarantees:

   • Dependencies are installed only in the sandbox environment
   • Your host system remains unchanged
   • Different sandboxes can use conflicting dependency versions

4. No dependencies omit the parameter:

   @sandbox()
   def safe_computation(x: int) -> int:
       return x ** 2

Container Management

The Podman container auto-starts on first use. To manage it manually:

podman ps                                    # Check container status
podman stop pctx-sandbox-agent              # Stop the container
podman rm -f pctx-sandbox-agent             # Remove container
podman rmi -f pctx-sandbox-agent            # Remove image

Development

# See all available commands
make help

How It Works

Container-Based Security Architecture:

Host System
  └── Podman Container (Rootless)
      └── Warm Process Pool
          └── Isolated Python Workers

1. Container Isolation (Podman): Rootless containers with isolated filesystem, environment, and resources
2. Warm Process Pool: Pre-initialized workers for fast execution (no cold-start overhead)
3. Resource Limits: Enforced CPU and memory limits via cgroups
4. Execution: Functions run with no access to host credentials, files, or processes

Requirements

• Podman (see installation instructions above)
• Python 3.10+

Security

Podman Provides Strong Isolation

Podman is a daemonless container engine that provides OCI-standard container isolation with rootless execution by default.

Core Security Mechanisms:

1. OCI Container Isolation - Complete process isolation using:

   • PID namespace: Containerized processes cannot see host processes
   • Mount namespace: Isolated filesystem, cannot access host files
   • Network namespace: Network isolation (configurable)
   • User namespace: Rootless containers map to unprivileged user on host
   • IPC namespace: No shared memory with host processes
   • UTS namespace: Separate hostname
   • Cgroup namespace: Isolated cgroup view

2. Rootless by Default - Runs entirely as non-root user, no daemon needed

3. Cgroups v2 - Enforces resource limits:

   • CPU time limits
   • Memory limits
   • Process count limits
   • I/O bandwidth control

4. SELinux/AppArmor Integration - Additional security layers where available

Security Validation

All security claims are validated by comprehensive tests in tests/security/test_sandbox_security.py. The test suite covers:

• Filesystem Isolation: Verifies host credentials (SSH keys, AWS/GCP credentials) are inaccessible
• Environment Isolation: Ensures host environment variables don't leak into sandbox
• Network Isolation: Confirms network access is blocked by default
• Process Isolation: Validates sandbox cannot see or interact with host processes
• Privilege Isolation: Tests that privilege escalation (root, sudo, chown) is blocked
• Resource Limits: Confirms timeouts and memory limits are enforced
• Syscall Filtering: Verifies dangerous syscalls (ptrace, mount) are blocked

Run security tests:

uv run pytest tests/security/ -v

Limitations

Not a Security Boundary (Same as Docker):

Like all container solutions, Podman provides strong isolation but not a perfect security boundary. Linux namespaces were designed for resource partitioning, not security isolation.

License

MIT