qc.rb is a quine written in Ruby: a program that prints itself. Ask it for Python, and it prints a Python quine instead. Or a JavaScript quine. Or a Rust quine. Or a C quine. Or any of 50 languages in all.
Every one of those quines can do the same: all of them can generate each other. A clique of quines.
Quine Clique 101
Ruby Quine
Here is qc.rb:
This is a Ruby program. It is a quine. Run it, and it prints itself.
$ ruby qc.rb > out.bin $ diff -s qc.rb out.bin Files qc.rb and out.bin are identical
Ruby → Python
Run qc.rb with the argument py, and it prints a quine written in Python.
Let's run it.
$ python3 qc.py > out.bin $ diff -s qc.py out.bin Files qc.py and out.bin are identical
Python → Ruby
Now, run qc.py with the argument rb. It prints qc.rb.
$ python3 qc.py rb > out.bin $ diff -s qc.rb out.bin Files qc.rb and out.bin are identical
That is, qc.rb and qc.py are each a quine, and they print each other depending on the argument.
This is called a multiquine.
Ruby ↔ JavaScript
Python is not the only thing qc.rb can print.
With the argument js, it prints a quine written in JavaScript.
$ ruby qc.rb js > qc.js $ node qc.js > out.bin $ diff -s qc.js out.bin Files qc.js and out.bin are identical
Of course, qc.js can print qc.rb too.
$ node qc.js rb > out.bin $ diff -s qc.rb out.bin Files qc.rb and out.bin are identical
Python ↔ JavaScript
And Python and JavaScript can print each other as well.
$ python3 qc.py js > out.bin $ diff -s qc.js out.bin Files qc.js and out.bin are identical $ node qc.js py > out.bin $ diff -s qc.py out.bin Files qc.py and out.bin are identical
That is, qc.rb, qc.py, and qc.js are each a quine, and they print each other depending on the argument.
50 + 1 languages
In the same way, it supports 50 languages in total. Including Ruby itself, that makes 51. The picture at the top is this very graph: every arrow is a pair of programs that print each other.
Notably, it supports 5 esoteric languages: brainfuck, Befunge, Whitespace, Piet, and Unlambda. They do not support command-line arguments, so give the language name on standard input.
$ ruby qc.rb bf > qc.bf # qc.bf is a quine $ echo | vendor/bin/bf qc.bf > out.bin $ diff -s qc.bf out.bin Files qc.bf and out.bin are identical # qc.bf can print qc.rb $ echo rb | vendor/bin/bf qc.bf > out.bin $ diff -s qc.rb out.bin Files qc.rb and out.bin are identical
Languages
This program is tested with the following Ubuntu packages.
| # | language | ubuntu package | version |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ruby | ruby | 1:3.3build1 |
| 2 | AWK | gawk | 1:5.3.2-1ubuntu1.1 |
| 3 | Bash | bash | 5.3-2ubuntu1 |
| 4 | Befunge | N/A | - |
| 5 | brainfuck | N/A | - |
| 6 | C | gcc | 4:15.2.0-5ubuntu1 |
| 7 | C# | mono-devel | 6.14.1+ds2-2 |
| 8 | C++ | g++ | 4:15.2.0-5ubuntu1 |
| 9 | Clojure | clojure | 1.12.0-1build2 |
| 10 | CoffeeScript | coffeescript | 2.7.0+dfsg1-4 |
| 11 | Common Lisp | clisp | 1:2.49.20250504.gitf662209-2 |
| 12 | Crystal | crystal | 1.18.2+dfsg-1 |
| 13 | D | gdc | 4:15.2.0-5ubuntu1 |
| 14 | Elixir | elixir | 1.18.3.dfsg-1build1 |
| 15 | Erlang | erlang | 1:27.3.4.6+dfsg-1 |
| 16 | F# | dotnet-sdk-10.0 | 10.0.111-0ubuntu1~26.04.1 |
| 17 | Forth | gforth | 0.7.3+dfsg-9build4.1 |
| 18 | Fortran | gfortran | 4:15.2.0-5ubuntu1 |
| 19 | Go | golang | 2:1.26~1 |
| 20 | Groovy | groovy | 2.4.21-10build1 |
| 21 | Haskell | ghc | 9.10.3-4 |
| 22 | Haxe | haxe | 1:4.3.7-1.1 |
| 23 | Java | openjdk-25-jdk | 25.0.4+7-1~26.04 |
| 24 | JavaScript | nodejs | 22.22.1+dfsg+~cs22.19.15-1ubuntu1 |
| 25 | Kotlin | kotlin | 1.3.31+ds1-3ubuntu1 |
| 26 | Lua | lua5.3 | 5.3.6-3 |
| 27 | Nim | nim | 2.2.4-2 |
| 28 | Objective-C | gobjc | 4:15.2.0-5ubuntu1 |
| 29 | OCaml | ocaml | 5.4.0-3ubuntu1 |
| 30 | Octave | octave | 11.1.0-3 |
| 31 | Pascal | fp-compiler | 3.2.2+dfsg-49 |
| 32 | Perl | perl | 5.40.1-7ubuntu0.1 |
| 33 | PHP | php-cli | 2:8.5+99ubuntu1 |
| 34 | Piet | N/A | - |
| 35 | Pike | pike8.0 | 8.0.1956-4 |
| 36 | PostScript | ghostscript | 10.06.0~dfsg-3ubuntu1 |
| 37 | Prolog | swi-prolog | 9.2.9+dfsg-1.1build1 |
| 38 | Python | python3 | 3.14.3-0ubuntu2 |
| 39 | R | r-base | 4.5.2-1ubuntu2 |
| 40 | Racket | racket | 8.18+dfsg1-1ubuntu1 |
| 41 | Rust | rustc | 1.93.1ubuntu1 |
| 42 | Scala | scala | 2.11.12-6build1 |
| 43 | Scheme | guile-3.0 | 3.0.11-2 |
| 44 | Standard ML | mlton | 20241230+git20251029+dfsg-5 |
| 45 | Swift | swiftlang | 6.1.3-4build1 |
| 46 | Tcl | tcl | 8.6.16build1 |
| 47 | TypeScript | node-typescript | 5.2.2-2 |
| 48 | Unlambda | N/A | - |
| 49 | Vala | valac | 0.56.18-7 |
| 50 | Whitespace | N/A | - |
| 51 | Zig | zig | 0.14.1~us1-0ubuntu4 |
The languages marked N/A are not available in Ubuntu.
This repository contains their interpreters in vendor/.
Usage
- If you are using Ubuntu 26.04, you can install the dependencies with:
$ sudo apt install bash clisp clojure coffeescript crystal \ dotnet-sdk-10.0 elixir erlang fp-compiler g++ gawk gcc gdc gforth \ gfortran ghc ghostscript gobjc golang groovy guile-3.0 haxe kotlin \ libgif-dev libgmp-dev lua5.3 make mlton mono-devel nim node-typescript \ nodejs ocaml octave openjdk-25-jdk perl php-cli pike8.0 python3 r-base \ racket ruby rustc scala swi-prolog swiftlang tcl valac zig
- Then, build the bundled interpreters:
- Then, run
make members. This generates the whole clique: qc.py, qc.js, qc.rs, ...
$ make members $ ls qc.* qc.awk qc.bash qc.bef qc.bf qc.c qc.clj qc.coffee qc.cpp qc.cr qc.cs qc.d qc.erl qc.exs qc.f90 qc.fs qc.fsx qc.go qc.groovy qc.hs qc.hx qc.java qc.js qc.kt qc.lisp qc.lua qc.m qc.ml qc.nim qc.octave qc.pas qc.php qc.piet.gif qc.pike qc.pl qc.prolog qc.ps qc.py qc.r qc.rb qc.rkt qc.rs qc.scala qc.scm qc.sml qc.swift qc.tcl qc.ts qc.unl qc.vala qc.ws qc.zig
- To verify that every language can print every other, run
make test-all. It takes hours.
All 51 x 51 = 2,601 combinations are checked by GitHub Actions on every push.
Alternatively, build the Docker image and run the tests in a container:
$ docker build -t quine-clique . $ docker run --rm quine-clique
FAQ
Why?
Why not?
How?
See docs/internal.md, or watch the video.
Related work
- Quine Relay (2013). A quine that returns to itself by way of 128 languages. A one-way chain, not a multiquine.
- Quine Chameleon (2015).
A 25-language multiquine. It is restricted to languages whose string literals support C-style escapes (
\"and\\). - Multiquine with ELVM (2016, Japanese). A multiquine prototype based on ELVM, a compilation infrastructure for esolangs. ELVM is not multiquine-specific, and brainfuck could not be run in realistic time there.
License
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusuke Endoh (@mametter), @hirekoke
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.