1956
IRE TRANSACTIONS---INFORMATION THEORY
3
The Bandwagon
CLAUDE E. SHANNON
NFORMATION theory has, in the last few years,
become something of a scientific bandwagon.
Starting as a technical tool for the communica-
tion engineer, it has received an extraordinary
amount of publicity in the popular as well as the
scientific press. In part, this has been due to connec-
tions with such fashionable fields as computing ma-
chines, cybernetics, and automation; and in part, to
the novelty of its subject matter. As a consequence,
it has perhaps been ballooned to an importance
beyond its actual accomplishments. Our fellow scien-
tists in many different fields, attracted by the fanfare
and by the new avenues opened to scientific analysis,
are using these ideas in their own problems. Applica-
tions are being made to biology, psychology, lin-
guistics, fundamental physics, economics, the theory
of organization, and many others. In short, informa-
tion theory is currently partaking of a somewhat
heady draught of general popularity.
Although this wave of popularity is certainly
pleasant and exciting for those of us working in the
field, it carries at the same time an element of danger.
While we feel that information theory is indeed a
valuable tool in providing fundamental insights into
the nature of communication problems and will
continue to grow in importance, it is certainly no
panacea for the communication engineer or, a fortiori,
for anyone else. Seldom do more than a few of
nature’s secrets give way at one time. It will be all
too easy for our somewhat artificial prosperity to
collapse overnight when it is realized that the use of a
few exciting words like information, entropy, redun-
dancy, do not solve all our problems.
What can be done to inject a note of moderation in
this situation? In the first place, workers in other
fields should realize that the basic results of the
subject are aimed in a very specific direction, a
direction that is not necessarily relevant to such
fields as psychology, economics, and other social
sciences. Indeed, the hard core of information theory
is, essentially, a branch of mathematics, a strictly
deductive system. A thorough understanding of the
mathematical foundation and its communication
application is surely a prerequisite to other applica-
tions. I personally believe that many of the concepts
of information theory will prove useful in these other
fields-and, indeed, some results are already quite
promising-but the establishing of such applications
is not a trivial matter of translating words to a new
domain, but rather the slow tedious process of
hypothesis and experimental verification. If, for
example, the human being acts in some situations like
an ideal decoder, this is an experimental and not a
mathematical fact, and as such must be tested under
a wide variety of experimental situations.
Secondly, we must keep our own house in first class
order. The subject of information theory has cer-
tainly been sold, if not oversold. We should now turn
our attention to the business of research and devel-
opment at the highest scientific plane we can main-
tain. Research rather than exposition is the keynote,
and our critical thresholds should be raised. Authors
should submit only their best efforts, and these only
after careful criticism by themselves and their col-
leagues. A few first rate research papers are preferable
to a large number that are poorly conceived or half-
finished. The latter are no credit to their writers and
a waste of time to their readers. Only by maintaining
a thoroughly scientific attitude can we achieve real
progress in communication theory and consolidate
our present position.