Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09

Hidden in PlainSight: The Secret History of Silicon Valley Watch This Talk Online http://bit.ly/SecretVideo Read the Backstory http://bit.ly/SecretStories Read the Blog www.steveblank.com Rev 4 Dec 09

The Genesis ofSilicon Valley Entrepreneurship Marc Andreessen Internet Steve Jobs Personal Computers Gordon Moore Integrated Circuits Innovation Networks Hewlett & Packard Defense 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 The Secret History of Silicon Valley

The Popular Viewof Silicon Valley History Internet Personal Computers Integrated Circuits Fruit Orchards Innovation Networks Fruit Orchards Fruit Orchards 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 The Secret History of Silicon Valley

The Real Storyof Silicon Valley History Internet Personal Computers Integrated Circuits Microwaves Innovation Networks Test Equipment Vacuum Tubes 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 The Secret History of Silicon Valley

A few caveats •Not a professional historian • WWII story from the western front - lacks Soviet contributions • Some of this is probably wrong • Cold War story is U.S.- centric. Other data points welcomed • All “secrets” are from open-source literature The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Story 1: WWIIThe First Electronic War The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Dec 7th 1941:America Enters WWII • Britain fighting since Sept ‘39 • Soviets fighting massive land/air battles since June ‘41 • Allies incapable of landing in Western Europe for 2+ years • Decide that – priority was to win in Europe vs Pacific – destroy German war fighting capacity from the air until they can invade The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Strategic Bombing ofGermany March 1943: The Combined Bomber Offensive “Your primary objective will be the progressive destruction and dislocation of the German military, industrial and economic system and the undermining of the morale of the German people to a point where their capacity for armed resistance is fatally weakened." The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Strategic Bombing ofGermany The Combined Bomber Offensive • British bombed at Night – Area Bombing • Lancaster's • Halifax • Flew at 7 - 17 thousand feet • The American’s by Day – Precision Bombing • B-17’s • B-24’s • Flew at 15 - 25 thousand feet The Secret History of Silicon Valley

The German AirDefense System The Kammhuber Line • Integrated Electronic air defense network – Covered France, the Low Countries, and into northern Germany • Protection from British/US bomber raids – Warn and Detect – Target and Aim – Destroy The Secret History of Silicon Valley

British/American Air Warin Western Europe 28,000 Active Combat Planes 40,000 Allied planes lost or damaged beyond repair: 18,000 American and 22,000 British (46 000 planes lost by the USSR in the East) 79,265 Americans and 79,281 British killed, wounded or captured The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Mammoth Early Warning Radar • 200 mile range – 150 MHz, 200KW, PRF 500hz, PW 3µs, accuracy 0.5° • 100’ wide, 33’ high • 1st phased-array radar • Operational 1942 • 20 built The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Wasserman Early Warning Radar • 150 mile range – 150 MHz, 100KW, PRF 500hz, PW 3µs, accuracy 0.25° • Backbone of the German early warning network • Steerable tower 190’ • Operational 1942 • 150 built The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Jagdschloss Early Warning Radar • 180 mile range – 120-157 or 156-250 MHz, 300KW, PW 1us, PRF 500hz • Best early warning radar • 360° rotation at 4 rpm, • Remote PPI display via microwave link • Operational 1944 • 80 built The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Himmelbelt Local Air Defense Network • Box ~30 x 20 miles • Integrated network of radars, flak, fighters, searchlights The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Himmelbelt Radar Order of Battle • Freya – early warning radar – detect allied bombers The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Himmelbelt Radar Order of Battle • Freya – early warning radar – detect allied bombers • Giant Wurzburg – Ground Controlled Intercept radar – direct fighters to bombers – fighters could then intercept with their on-board radar The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Himmelbelt Radar Order of Battle • Freya – early warning radar – detect allied bombers • Giant Wurzburg – Ground Controlled Intercept radar – direct fighters to bombers – fighters could then intercept with their on-board radar • Lichtenstein BC & SN2 – Airborne radar on German nightfighters The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Freya Early Warning Radar • 60-120 mile range – 120-144 MHz, 15KW, PRF 500hz, PW 3 µs, accuracy 1.5° • Steerable and mobile • Over 1000 deployed The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Giant Wurzburg Ground Control Intercept Radar • 45 mile range – 533-566mhz frequency agile, 10KW, PRF 1875hz, PW 2 µs • GCI radar • 25’ wide • over 1,500 deployed The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Luftwaffe Signals IntelligenceService • Network of passive intercept stations • Picked up allied radio and bombing-radar signals • Plotted location of bomber streams The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Himmelbett Air Battle Air Traffic Control • Radars fed Himmelbett centers • Operators worked from rows of seats in front of a huge screen • Fighters would fly orbits around a radio beacon – fighter controller talked it to the vicinity of the target • Fighters would turn on its radar, acquire the target, and attack The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Flak - RadarControlled Anti Aircraft Guns • 15,000 Flak Guns – 400,000 soldiers in flak batteries • Radar-directed flak to 30,000’ – 128mm: 10 shells/minute – 105mm: 15 rounds/minute – 88mm: 15-20 rounds/minute • Fused for time – Fragmentation rounds 105 mm flak Flak: an abbreviation for Fliegerabwehrkanonen, german for anti-aircraft guns – No Proximity Fuses The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Wurzburg Anti-Aircraft Radar • Fire control of flak batteries • 15 mile range – 533-566 MHz frequency agile – 10KW, PRF 3750hz, PW 2us, Accuracy 25 meters • 10 feet wide • Steerable and Mobile • ~ 5,000 deployed The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Operation Biting -Raid on Bruneval • Commando raid to steal a Wurzburg • 27 February 1942 • Captured all the radar electronics and technicians • Used it to test countermeasures The Secret History of Silicon Valley

German Night-Fighters On-board Radar • Directed to vicinity by ground radar • Dornier Do 17, Junkers Ju 88, Messerschmitt Bf 110 • “Lichtenstein” B/C then SN2 Radar – Range 2.5 miles, 400mhz then 90mhz The Secret History of Silicon Valley

German Day Fighters Vectored by Ground Radar • Ground Control Intercept radar talked the fighters into visual range of the bombers • Messerschmitt BF-109, Focke Wolf 190 The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Not many cleardays a month in winter over Europe How did they see the target? The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Bombing Through Overcast Solution: Air to Ground Bombing Radar • Radar aimed at the ground – Targets could be seen under clouds and rain – Outlines of major ground features – map overlays • British in Mid 1943 – H2S 300mhz • Americans in late 1943 – H2X / APS-15 3ghz – B-24 & P-38 Pathfinders • Oops - Naxos The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Math Challenge Forevery 100 bombers on a mission 4 - 20% would not return Crews had to fly 25 mission to go home The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Story 2: TheElectronic Shield - Electronic Warfare The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Harvard Radio ResearchLab (RRL) Signals Intelligence and Electronic Warfare • Reduce losses to fighters and flak • Find/understand German Air Defense – Electronic and Signals Intelligence • Jam/confuse German Air Defense – Radar Order of Battle – Chaff – Jammers • Top Secret 800 person lab The Secret History of Silicon Valley

ELINT – ElectronicIntelligence The Line of Sight Problem You got to get close! The Secret History of Silicon Valley

ELINT using Ferret’s Find and understand German Air Defense • Ferret’s and Crows • B-24J flights inside Germany to intercept German radar signals • Fitted with receivers & displays • Wire and strip recorders – Frequency, pulse rate, power, etc. – 50 MHz to 3 GHz The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Using ELINT toMap Radar Coverage The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Window/Chaff Jam Wurzburg AAA & GCI Radar • Strips of aluminum foil – 1/2 Wurzburg frequency • 46,000 packets tossed out by hand – Each packet contained 2,000 strips – Automatic dispensers came later • First used July 1943 – Raid on Hamburg – Shut down German air defense • Used 3/4’s of Aluminum Foil in the US The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Blind German EarlyWarning Radar Jam Wassermann, Mammoth and Freya MANDREL • Put Jammers on Airplanes Jammer • Mandrel/APT-3 • DINA/APT-1 – First on escort fighters – Later on bombers – 12 watts DINA Jammer The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Shut down Flak& Ground Control Radar Jam the Wurzburg’s • “Carpet” AN/APT-2 Jammer – Confuse Wurzburg radar – Shut down flak – Shut down GCI – 5 Watts • 24,000 built – On all bombers Carpet Jammer The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Shut down andSpoof Fighter Ground Control Jam Fighter/Ground VHF Radio Links • "Tinsel” – Microphones in the engine nacelles of a bomber broadcast noise • "Corona" – German-speaking RAF personnel, broadcast fake controller instructions • “Airborne Cigar” – Jammed VHF Nightfighter Ground Control Intercept comm – Flew in special ops Lancasters • “Jostle IV” – Jammed VHF Ground Control Intercept comm – Took up the entire bomb bay of a B-17 The Secret History of Silicon Valley

British Jam GermanNight Fighter Radar • Airborne Grocer – Jam Lichtenstein Night Fighter radar • On all British bombers • Monica – Tail warning system – Oops, German Flensburg MANDREL jamming equipment The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Who Ran thisSecret Lab and became the Father of Electronic Warfare? • Harvard Radio Research Lab – Separate from MIT's Radiation Laboratory – Ran all electronic warfare in WWII – 800 people – 1941-1944 • Director: Fredrick Terman - Stanford The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Fredrick Terman “the Father of Silicon Valley” • Stanford Professor of engineering 1926 – encouraged his students, William Hewlett and David Packard to start a company • Dean of Engineering 1946 • Provost 1955 The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Story 3: SpookEntrepreneurship The Secret History of Silicon Valley

WWII Office ofScientific Research and Development (OSRD) • $450 million spent on weapons R&D – MIT $117 million – Caltech $83 million – Harvard and Columbia ~ $30 million • Stanford ~ $50K The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Terman’s Postwar Strategy •Focus on microwaves and electronics – Not going to be left out of gov’t $’s this time • Recruits 11 former members of RRL as faculty • Set up the Electronics Research Laboratory (ERL) – “Basic” and Unclassified Research • First Office of Naval Research (ONR) contract 1946 • By 1950 Stanford was the MIT of the West The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Problem: Jammers Need: More Power and Frequency Agility • More Power – WWII: low power jammers X 100’s of planes – Now each bomber needed to protect itself • Frequency Agility – WWII radars xmitted on a single frequency – Jammers needed to be manual tuned – Soviet radars used multiple frequencies The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Solution: Electronically Tunable Microwave Power Tubes • Magnetron - limited scale, fixed/unstable freq • Klystron - scale to extremely high power – Drawback: narrow frequency range • Backward wave oscillator (BWO)/Carcinotron – Electronically tunable – Can sweep 1000/mhz per second – High Power ~1,000 watts The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Problem: ELINT ReceiversNeed: Higher Bandwidth & Frequency Agility • High Bandwidth – Need to cover 300mhz to 40ghz w/one receiver • Frequency Agility – Soviet radars used multiple frequencies – Manual tuning would miss signals – Needed high probability of intercept single pulses The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Solution: Electronically Tunable Wideband Amplifiers • Traveling Wave Tubes – High gain >40db, – low noise, – high bandwidth >1 octave – 300mhz - 50ghz – Tune at 1000mhz/sec The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Microwave Valley -Components Klystrons, Carcinotrons, & Traveling Wave Tubes • Eitel-McCullough (1934) • Varian Associates (1948) • Litton Industries (1946) • Huggins Laboratories (1948) • Stewart Engineering (1952) • Watkins-Johnson (1957) • Microwave Electronics Co. (1959) The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Korean War Changesthe Game Spook Work Comes to Stanford • Applied Electronics Laboratory (AEL) – “Applied” and Classified Military programs – Doubles the size of the electronics program – Separate from the unclassified Electronics Research Laboratory – Made the university, for the first time, a full partner in the military-industrial complex The Secret History of Silicon Valley

The Cold Warand the Black Valley • The Cold War battlefield moves 500 miles east • Fear of a “nuclear Pearl Harbor” • Countermeasures, Elint and Sigint, become critical • Stanford becomes a center of excellence for the NSA, CIA, Navy, Air Force The Secret History of Silicon Valley

The Cold Waris an Electronic War • Russian air defense modeled after Germans – add surface to air missiles, fighter radar, IFF – Understand and defeat (ELINT) • Soviet strategic missile and bomber threat – Monitor telemetry (SIGINT) to understand performance – Photo reconnaissance to find silo’s and bombers • Soviet Naval threat – Monitor and track soviet submarines • Soviet Nuclear threat – Identify and understand production facilities The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Stanford Technical AdvisoryMeetings • Air Force, Navy, Army, CIA and NSA • Sylvania, and other contractors • Review of projects and new concepts The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Stanford Joins the“Black” World • Electronics Research Laboratory – “Basic” and Unclassified Research • Applied Electronics Laboratory (AEL) – “Applied” and Classified Military programs • Merge and become the Systems Engineering Lab (SEL) in 1955 – Same year Terman becomes Provost The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Stanford Systems EngineeringLab • Immediate, practical application of real world intelligence problems for CIA, NSA, NRO, Air Force • Combined ERL components with advanced theory into complete ELINT and Jamming systems – Usually prototypes turned over to contractors – At times, built one-off systems – Digital filtering, OTH, etc. • Use PhD students and staff – classified thesis! • Ultimately 800 person lab The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Problem: Understand theSoviet Radar Order of Battle • Where are the Soviet radars? – Consumers; SAC, CIA. • Details of the radars – NSA/CIA to contractors • Periphery of Soviet Union known • Interior terra incognito The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Solution: A Fleetof ELINT Planes • Joint NSA/CIA/Air Force/Navy • Flew periphery of Soviet bloc 24/7 – PB4Y2, P2V, C-97, RB-47, EC-121, C-130, EA-3B, RC-135 • Measured Soviet Air Defense – Revealed low-altitude coverage was good • Continuous Comint The Secret History of Silicon Valley

ELINT – TheLine of Sight Problem You got to get close! You got to get them turned on!! The Secret History of Silicon Valley

The Cost: 23ELINT Planes Date Victim Service Aircraft Pilot Weapon 8Apr50 PB4Y - 2 USN La-11 B.Do k i n 23/37mm 24Apr50 F-82 USA F MiG-15 Keleinikov 23/37mm Apr50 F-51D USA F MiG-15 N.Guzhov 23/37mm May50 F-51D USA F La-11 Yefremov 20mm 11May50 B-24 USA F MiG-15 I.Shinkarenko 23/37mm 26Dec50 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 S.Bhakae v 23/37mm 6Nov51 P2V - 2 USN MiG-15 M.Schukin 23/37mm 13Jun52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 O.Fedot o v 23/37mm 7Oct52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Zheryakov 23/37mm 7Oct52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Lesnov 23/37mm 29Jul53 RB-50 USA F MiG-15 A.Ryba k o v 23/37mm 4Sep54 P2V - 5 USN MiG-15 ? 23/37mm 7Nov54 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Kosti n 23/37mm 17Apr55 RB-47H USA F MiG-15 Korot k o v 23/37mm 22Jun55 P2V - 5 USN MiG-15 ? 23/37mm 10Sep5 6 RB-50 USA F MiG-15 ? 23/37mm 27Jun58 C-118 USA F MiG-17 P Sevetlichnikov 23/37mm 2Sep58 C-130A USA F MiG-17 H.Gavrilo v 23/37mm 1Jul60 RB-47 USA F MiG-17 F V.Polyakov 23/37mm 1963 RB-47 USA F MiG-19 S ? 30mm 1963 T-39 USA F MiG-19 S ? 30mm 10Mar64 RB-66C USA F MiG-21 F - 1 3 Zinowlj e v 30mm 14Dec65 RB-57F USA F MiG-17 F ? 23/37mm The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Elint - IsThere a Better Way? The U-2 The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Stanford/Military/Industry Ecosystem •Stanford did basic research in electronics • Stanford and SRI do applied research • Microwave and systems companies in Silicon Valley produce equipment for the military The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Example: U-2 asan Sigint Platform (1956) Courtesy of Stanford and Silicon Valley • System IV – 150 - 40,000 MHz – Stanford Electronics Laboratories – Ramo Woolridge • E/F Band ELINT recorder (1956) • A Band ELINT recorder (1959) • E/F Band Jammer (1959) – Granger Associates • Watkins Johnson – QRC -192 Elint receiver – 50 -14,000 MHz • Communications receiver – 100-150 MHz/3 channel tape recorder The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Example: A-12 ELINT/EWSSuite (1965) • System VI ELINT analog recorder – 50 - 8,000 MHz -45 dbm – TRW • Bluedog SA-2 L-band guidance jammer – Sylvania • Pinpeg SA-2 warning receiver – 2.8-3.2 & 4.8 -5.2 ghz -40 dbm • Big Blast SA-2 Noise Jammer • Mad Moth SA-2 Jammer The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Microwave Valley -Systems Some Stanford Alum’s • Sylvania Electronics Defense Laboratory (1953) – Countermeasures, search receivers, converters – Hired faculty as consultants, including Terman • GE Microwave Laboratory (1956) • Granger Associates (1956) Bill Granger • Applied Technology (1959) Bill Granger • Electronic Systems Laboratories (ESL) (1964) – William Perry + 6 other’s from Sylvania EDL • Argo Systems (1969) James de Broekert • Advent Systems (1972) James de Broekert The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Terman Changes theStartup/University Rules Silicon Valley as We Know it Starts Here • Graduate students encouraged to start companies • Professors encouraged to consult for companies • Terman and other professors take board seats • Technology transfer/IP licensing easy • Getting out in the real world was good for your academic career The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Terman and theCold War Silicon Valley’s 1st Engine of Entrepreneurship Military Entrepreneurs Finance Motivation Crisis Profit Culture Cooperative Entrepreneurial Outward-Facing Risk Capital Tech Universities Free flow of People/Information Infrastructure Predictable Stable Technical 24/7 Utilities Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008

Story 4: SpookInnovation The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Project: Melody ~1960 • First noticed in Project Genetrix – Soviet P-20 Token radar bounced off our high altitude spy balloons – Was received by our radars – Hmm… • Bistatic intercept receiver Irony Alert: In WWII Germans used their Klein-Heidelberg Bistatic radar using the British “Chain Home” radar to track allied bombers The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Project: Melody ~1960 • Pick up Soviet radars bounced off their own ICBM’s during test flights – Used CIA “Tacksman” intercept sites in Beshahr/Kabkan Iran – Use the missiles’ telemetry beacon to steer our radars • Produced intercepts of all ground-based Soviet missile tracking radars – Including all ABM radars – At a 1000 mile range • Later used ionized cloud of Soviets nuclear tests The Secret History of Silicon Valley

OXCART / A-12 U-2 Successor The Secret History of Silicon Valley

CIA: Directorate ofScience & Technology • Concerned about OXCART* vulnerability – First aircraft designed for Stealth (tail was plastic) – High speed (Mach 3.3), high altitude (90K feet) • Facing evolved Soviet air defense system • ELINT Staff Office (ESO) asked: – What’s the radar environment like inside the Soviet Union? * A-12/OXCART was the CIA version of the plane which was kept secret (15 built). SR-71 was the 2 seat Air Force reconnaissance version which was made public (31 built.) The YF-12 was an Air Force fighter interceptor (3 built.) The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Problem: Find “TallKing” • Primary Soviet Air Defense Radar – Long Range, 375 miles • 150mhz, PRF 100/200hz, 800Kw – 100’ wide, 30’ high • Where were they located? • How many are there? – B52 bombers needed to know – OXCART needed to know The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Solution: Project “FlowerGarden” Shoot the Moon • Point dishes at the moon • Use the moon as a bistatic reflector • Listen for TALL KING signals – As earth and moon revolved and rotated all TALL KING’s came into view, one at a time – Plot their precise location The Secret History of Silicon Valley

HENHOUSE Radar • SovietHENHOUSE phased-array radar – 850’ long, 25MW – Missile Warning/ABM system – Space surveillance • Identified via satellite photos and ELINT • But what were its capabilities? The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Radio Dishes GetFunded • Attach ELINT receivers to Bell Labs 60’ antenna in New Jersey – Use Stanford“matched filter” techniques • Use antennas at Sugar Grove, Chesapeake Bay, Aricebo, Jordell Bank • Pay for and build Stanford “Dish” – Hide relationships via “cover agencies” – Air Force Cambridge Research Center and Office of Naval Research – Discovers “Hen House” radar The Secret History of Silicon Valley

PPMS: Power &Pattern Measurement Systems ~1962 • Now we know where Tall King & Spoon Rest radars are but • Now we need to know: – Spatial Coverage – Radiated Power – RF Coherence – Polarization • For Jamming and Stealth The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Project: Palladium • Ok,now we know spatial coverage, etc. we need to know: – Sensitivity of Soviet radar receivers – How good were their operators • Hence, Project Palladium • Build a system that electronically generated and injected false targets into Soviet radars – They saw ghost aircraft – We could simulate any aircraft, any speed – Trick was to know what they were seeing The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Project: PALLADIUM • Teamedwith NSA and used SIGINT intercepts – Listened to their communication channels and could decrypt them in real time – Watch when they turned on their SA-2 target tracking radar • We used ground bases, naval ships, submarines The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Project Echo 1960 ELINT Balloons in Space • 100’ aluminized mylar balloon • Cover was “radio relay” tests • Originally to be launched from Vandenberg • Launched in Aug 1960 • By this time something else was in space The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Story 5: 1956- The Year It All Changes The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Lockheed Comes toTown • Polaris missile SLBM • Built in by Lockheed Missiles Division in Sunnyvale – Westinghouse Electric launch tube subcontractor • 20,000 employees by 1960 – From 0 in 4 years – HP: 3,000 employees 1960 The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Lockheed and WS-117L NRO - Move Reconnaissance to Space CORONA SAMOS/SENTRY Program P-11/ 989 SAMOS F-1/2/3 Imaging MIDAS - Program 461 VELA ELINT/SIGINT IR - Launch Detection Nuclear Detection Program A: Air Force - imaging and sigint Program B: CIA - Imaging electroopitcal and sigint Program C: Navy signit Program D: U-2, A-12/Oxcart, D-21/Tagboard The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Lockheed - Agena Space Bus for Spy Satellites • First restartable second stage – Boost and maneuvering – 3-axis stabilized • Used on Thor, Atlas and Titan • Controlled all 1960’s spy satellites • 365 built on an assembly line in secret in Sunnyvale The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Stanford AEL/STL andRambo • William Rambo – Designed “Carpet” Jammer at RRL – Went to AIL after WWII, Stanford - 1951 – Headed AEL then STL - 1958 – NSA/CIA consultant • Stanford STL leads the space ELINT effort – Works with Lockheed on ferret subsatellites The Secret History of Silicon Valley

STL/Lockheed and deBroekert • James de Broekert of Stanford STL • STL & Lockheed built P-11 Ferret sub-satellites carried on Corona photo satellites – 7 launched between Mar 1963-Oct 1964 • 1962: Samos F-2/3 Elint satellites – redesignated as Program 102 • Founded Argo, Signal Science, Advent Systems The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Project West Ford1963 A Ring of Chaff in Space • 400 million copper dipoles • 3/4’s of an inch long • 2000 mile altitude, 5 miles wide, 25 miles thick • Cover was “radio relay” tests • Launched as part of MIDAS The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Project Grab 1960-1962 ELINT in Space • No more overflights or balloons • Collect radar emissions from Soviet air defense radars • Record, Store and Dump • Built by the Naval Research Laboratory • Used by SAC for EOB then given to the NRO The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Project POPPY 1962-1971 Navy ELINT in Space • Ships can no longer hide • Collect radar emissions from Soviet naval vessels • Clusters of satellites • Triangulate and direction find The Secret History of Silicon Valley

Villard and Overthe Horizon Radar • Meteor trails – burst comm and ELINT receiver • Nuclear tests • OTH - Over The Horizon Radar – Monitor missile launches EARTHLING in Pakistan in 1961 CHECKROTE in Taiwan in 1966 – Aircraft tracking • Stealth - 1969 at SRI The Secret History of Silicon Valley