My first paper: A practical implementation of Rubiks cube based passkeys
ieeexplore.ieee.orgI'm not super experienced with cryptography but I had some spare time on my hands so I decided to make CubeAuthn and turn it into a paper.
Repo here: https://github.com/Acorn221/CubeAuthn. Feel free to ask questions!
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Abstract:
We present a novel authentication system that transforms a Rubik's cube into a physical key for digital authentication. By reading the cube's specific arrangement among 43 quintillion possible configurations, our system generates FIDO2-compatible credentials on-demand. Unlike traditional security tokens that store credentials, the cube itself becomes part of the key with its physical state forming a deterministic seed for keypair generation. Our proof-of-concept, CubeAuthn, demonstrates this concept with a browser extension that authenticates users on WebAuthn-enabled sites using the cube's physical state as the cryptographic seed. Cool demo, but this is only log2(43 quintillions) = 65 bit security. Kind of related is DiceKeys, with 192 bit security: https://www.crowdsupply.com/dicekeys/dicekeys 192 bits? I must be missing something here, there are 25 unique dice that can be permuted, each can have six potential sides showing, and 4 potential orientations of the displayed face... So (25!)×(25×6×4) ? Isn't that more like only 93 bits? Well obviously harder to scan from a phone, I think a deck of playing cards would be easier to acquire and store. Shuffling 27 would give you 93 bits, shuffling the full 52 would be ~226. It’s explained in the link. I actually misremembered, it’s 196 bits. Never mind, with the benefit if sleep I see an error in my math. Still, I wonder if a similar thing could be done by shuffling a deck of cards, and then riffling the results past a good camera so that an app can recognize the sequence in order. Perhaps it would be vulnerable to common shuffling mistakes? Yeah, this explains why this cryptography paper was published in a ML conference. Any reasonable reviewer would reject this as not providing sufficient security. It's pretty upfront about being a novelty project done by a self-described non-crypto expert, and I don't see any assertions of it guaranteeing any degree of sufficiency/security or claiming any such NextBigThing(TM) hype. Just because a paper is published doesn't mean it wasn't done for fun/the hell of it. Yeah this is bang on.
I messaged my old supervisor from uni about turning CubeAuthn into a paper and she suggested I submit the paper to that conf. This is a great example of the "I wonder if I could"-kind of research. It doesn't have to be practical. I doubt the authors intend it as a viable security product. It is the kind of "just playing around" thinking that can sometimes lead to brilliant insights. Keep up the good work. Thanks! If you add orientation arrows to the center squares, you can add a couple of bits to the strength. There are multiple ways to solve the cube, if orientation of the center pieces is made visible and significant. Awesome! https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44768459 Couldn't you "just" use a webcam to scan any particular cube? Seems like you could "easily" detect when you've seen all 6 unique faces and there should be libraries around that will read cubes. Thanks!
You absolutely could just use the webcam and identify the faces on the cube - I just thought my bluetooth cube would be cooler to integrate but there's not much stopping me from adding that in.
I had the cube for a little while but I struggled to decode the messages for a long time, so I made a little npm package based off of the work from CsTimer.
Here's the package: https://www.npmjs.com/package/gan-i3-356-bluetooth There's a bunch of libraries and some webapps: https://rubiks-app-psi.vercel.app/ We've already established that pattern based passcodes are terrible for security. I expect this to be worse than patterns because people can not easily remember or know how to fix mistakes which will result in most people picking simple ones. Why leave the paper out of the git repo? If you are the author could you link to a copy of the paper? I've signed over the copyright to IEEE so I think I've got to ask them before I put it there - that is a great point though, I'll see if I can drop it in there. The usual way this works is, you retain rights to the preprint. That's what preprint repositories like https://arxiv.org/ are for. Talk to your advisor, if you have one; if not, the folk over at Academia Stack Exchange are probably familiar with the exact rules of that IEEE journal. Is that how they do it, rather than you assigning rights to make copies, while retaining your own copyright? this sounds cool! So my cube-key will look to anybody else as a regular scrambled cube. If my kid finds it and solves it, I'm kind of doomed, right? So what's the plan, I'm supposed to remember the state of the cube? A admit I'm dumb and lazy - I didn't read the paper, maybe it's covered there - but this sounds quite vulnerable to dictionary attacks, like those phone unlock paass where everybody puts a Z, the cube-keys will mostly be "Solved with red/yellow middles swapped" It's a novelty. Something more tuned for a scene in a movie than providing security for an individual. But, the way I see it, you have the traditionally "solved" state cube on your desk(all faces complete), and when you want to use it as a key you "solve" the cube to the state that represents your key. With a rubiks cube this means you only need to remember the steps of the algorithm that leads you to your key state. It would be interesting if I could take your scrambled cube add my message, scramble it, and then tell you a way to descramble it only on the original unscrambled cube.