Decoding Leibniz Notation (2024)
spakhm.comRelated: "Putting Differentials Back into Calculus " at https://bridge.math.oregonstate.edu/papers/differentials.pdf
There's other goofy stuff people do with df/dx, right? Like in a u-substitution you literally do "algebra" with it.
It's funny that most intro calculus courses will make it a point to remind you that "dy/dx" isn't a fraction, then when they get to integration & diffeqs they want you to forget that and start manipulating them as such. I think most intro courses would be better off skipping everything on convergence tests (which feel really arbitrary anyway until you understand more of complex analysis) and instead use that time better explaining differentials (and maybe a peek into differential forms)
The solution of differential equations by separation of variables in physics is also notated in an abusive way. You have some differential equation
dy/dx = g(x)h(y)
You separate the variables by some quick manipulations
dy/h(y) = g(x) dx
And then you have a small step in some coordinate on both sides. So by integrating both sides
\int 1/h(y) dy = \int g(x) dx
you find a solution to your differential equation. Obviously there's a real formal procedure underneath it with also some safeguards. For example you're supposed to check that h(y) doesn't equal 0 at any point. But the happy path in physics is often done without worrying about all that.
The real formal procedure:
dy/dx = g(x)f(y)
Let h(y) = 1/f(y)
=> dy/dx = g(x)/h(y)
=> h(y) dy/dx = g(x)
Now, we integrate both sides,
int h(y) dy/dx dx = int g(x) dx
But the left hand side is the same as
int h(y) dy by substitution rule of integration.
Therefore,
int h(y) dy = int g(x) dx
Proceed with solving now, no abuse since the substitution rule is provable. QED
Yes! Separation of variables the other instance in the back of my mind. I suck at math (I've had basic ODEs for just a couple months now) but are there more examples like this?
I find this whole topic very gratifying because Leibniz notation seems very arbitrary and I'm glad it's not just me. :)
More examples? Any undergraduate text in thermodynamics. The entire way the subject is taught depends on treating differentials as numbers. Even in partial derivatives.
If you thought that was goofy, check out "Umbral calculus" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbral_calculus
well.. no, not exactly. If u = u(x) then du = u'(x) dx holds rigorously, and then you can substitute du/u' = dx in an integral.
I'm thinking more along the lines of knocking a '2x' out of an integral from d/dx of like 2x^2.
I don't know what you mean.
I remember reading Einstein's Relativity and having to translate the notation into what I was learning in Calculus class.