Show HN: I wrote a "web OS" based on the Apple Lisa's UI, with 1-bit graphics
alpha.lisagui.com500 points by ayaros 2 days ago
500 points by ayaros 2 days ago
This is a web OS I wrote in vanilla JS that looks like the Apple Lisa Office System (1983-85), with other contemporaneous influences and additional improvements and features. It's currently in alpha and isn't remotely bug free. I had been holding off on posting this here until it was somewhat presentable and useful. Please note; the Lisa conforms more literally to the desktop metaphor than most modern GUIs - some of the important differences are mentioned in the readme.
This is a complete recreation of the UI in JS; it all renders to a single canvas element. It's not a CSS theme, and not an emulator ported to JS. None of the code is written by Apple. I'll be happy to elaborate more in the comments, but the short version is the entire UI is defined outside the DOM using JS objects. Thus, every interface element - menus, windows, controls, and even typefaces - was recreated from scratch. There are no font files - I wrote my own typesetting system, which supports combining multiple text styles and generates new glyph variants on the fly.
Many of the technical decisions I made were motivated by a desire to have this look the same in every browser. That's harder to do with the DOM and CSS, and why I moved as much logic as I could to JS. Also, the only part of the project outside of vanilla JS and standard web APIs is the Gulp toolkit, which I'm using as a minification/build tool. No vibe coding was used to make this!
This is based on a UI from the 80s, and won't work well on your phone. If you insist on running it that way, turn on trackpad mode in the touchscreen settings panel of the preferences app. For best results, install it as a PWA (add it to your home screen). Also there are some odd Android bugs; the native touchscreen keyboard is currently broken, and there's an issue with the cursor when dragging windows.
I realize there's not a whole lot to do within LisaGUI right now; I've got a big list of additional features and apps I'll be adding in the future. I've been working on this project for a while, and I'm eager to hear people's feedback and answer questions about it.
The Lisa doesn't have square pixels, so the canvas is scaled to be 1.5x as high as it is wide. This generally looks fine on high-dpi displays, because there's technically twice as much space to render with (pixels are 2px wide by 3px high). However, things will look distorted on a lower resolution display (where pixels are 1px wide by 1.5px high). That's just a compromise I made when designing this. The good news is, if you have a large enough low-dpi display, and you make the window big enough, the automatic integer scaling settings will kick in, and the pixels themselves will be displayed larger. This can be forced via the preferences app (under the display options). If you screw this up, then restart LisaGUI while holding the shift key to reset the scaling settings. EDIT: Unrelated to this, there are a couple minor bugs with PWAs on iOS relating to the positioning of the canvas. These can be resolved by rotating your device to a different orientation and then rotating it back to the original position... but this is annoying. EDIT 2: To close windows, just double click the icon in the titlebar! This "collapses the window back into an icon." How do you handle dynamic window/font scaling regardless of browser size (you get it for free with html mostly). It's integer scaling; it involves changing the width, height, and style attributes of the canvas dynamically. I have a whole class that handles this, and let me tell you it took a lot of effort to get working properly and involved juggling around quite a few parameters, including the DPI, the border width, the pixel aspect ratio, and more. I had to use a ResizeObserver object to detect changes in the size of the DOM's body element. To get the canvas to be consistently smooth, I had to apply a lot of contrast using a CSS filter, and I set image-rendering to pixelated, IIRC. It might be worthwhile to overshoot the target resolution significantly with the nearest-neighbor scaler, then downscale interpolatively (e.g. bilinear) to the viewport. This should help dealing with doubled rows/columns and moire patterns, while maintaining visually crisp pixels. I do something similar when dealing with raw screenshots from DOS games, which are typically 320x200, but intended for 4:3 display, so pixels are 5:6. In this case, upscaling to 1600x1200 (the smallest possible integer upscale to achieve the correct aspect ratio) with nearest-neighbor, then downscaling with bilinear to the target res (e.g. 1440x1080, 960x720, etc.) works really well. Not only do you upscale with nearest neighbor then downscale with bilinear, you also make sure that you are using the correct colorspace for downscaling. The most common mistake is to reinterpret sRGB as if it is a linear color space, and assume that half of RGB 255,255,255 is RGB 128,128,128. But that's wrong. sRGB is a gamma-compressed color space that does not respond linearly. First you treat all sRGB values as if they are between 0 and 1. To convert into linear RGB, take all values to the power of 2.2 (like squaring them). Then you do any math on color values in Linear RGB. For example, half of linear 1 is indeed 0.5. To convert back into sRGB, take all values to the power of 1/2.2 (like a square root).' This means that 0.5 in linear RGB corresponds to 0.73 in sRGB. You can confirm this by placing a black and white checkerboard next to a square of RGB 186,186,186. They will match in apparent intensity (provided you have an sRGB display that doesn't have viewing angle problems). Some graphics APIs can do the sRGB to Linear RGB conversion for you automatically, but you need to request the API to do that. This makes the pixel shader only see Linear RGB, but the pixels are coming from an sRGB texture, and are being written to an sRGB buffer as output. The short answer is, you can't If we're talking about pixel perfect rendering there are various issues in the Web APIs that conspire against you. devicePixelRatio (dpr) - This is supposed to tell you how many CSS pixels = one device pixel. This particular demo ignores it. On my Windows PC my dpr is 1.25 and the site looks horrendous with every other pixel 4th pixel of a font being double wide (or something along those lines). Not dissing the demo, it's cool. It's uncommon for Web devs to be aware of these issues as like 99.99% are on a Mac and never set zoom to anything other then 100% The idea was supposed to be, you could take the CSS size and multiply by devicePixelRatio to get the display size. Unfortunately that does not work for various reasons. There's zoom. Firefox and Chrome change the devicePixelRatio in response to zooming. Safari does not. Even if Safari supported this it's not enough. You can maybe repo how bad the site looks on my Windows PC on a Mac by zooming in on any browser (pick zoom from the menus, not pinch to zoom - see below) Next there is pixel snapping. The short version is, imagine your window is 3 pixels wide and you ask the browser to make 2 elements side by side each 50% wide. If you check the CSS width both elements will say they are 1.5 pixels wide (getContentBoundingRect().width). But the browser won't display a 1.5 pixel element. I will snap one element 2 pixels and the other 1 pixel. To find out which is which you're supposed to use ResizeObserver with devicePixelContentBoxSize, but again Safari doesn't support this. It's not just with splits, that just the easiest way to demo the issue. Get this wrong and your checkerboard background will have a stripe somewhere where the checkerboard is missing a row or column. Next there is pinch to zoom. It's separate and reported no where in the Web API AFAICT. The browsers will re-render text/svg to a higher resolution when you pinch to zoom but they don't pass that info to the page so it can not re-render canvases in response. So: tl;dr, you can't - partly because of Safari. Partly because the Web is missing functionality I should clarify I'm indeed not using the api call to get device pixel ratio; I forgot I had ended up not needing it because all that code is stuff I wrote about a year ago, lol I've received several comments regarding the font - people are saying some of the character widths appear uneven. The font characters are literally bitmap fonts; each character is printed the same way every time, unless one or more styles is applied to it, but this is done in a consistent way. The Lisa's system font is also of a notably distinct style; the vertical parts of each letter are slightly wider than the horizontal parts to make up for the 2:3 pixel aspect ratio. If things appear uneven, these issues may be due to viewing the screen at 1x scale on a lower-DPI display, as I mentioned in another comment. The only way for me to debug these issues is with a screenshot. You can press Windows + PrintScreen to take a screenshot on Windows, or press Command + Shift + 3 on a Mac. You can send them to me using the email link at the bottom of https://yaros.ae/ or by messaging me on Bluesky (https://bsky.app/profile/lisagui.com). Also, I've been posting project updates to the Bluesky account, and I'll continue to do so in the future for anyone interested in keeping up with the project. There's also an RSS link on my website for anyone who's old-school and doesn't want to make a Bluesky account. These are the kinds of show hn I live for. Tasty vanilla js + learning about an esoteric "Lisa GUI" well before my time. Bravo! I would love to see a breakout style game or something in the demo/examples but that is my inner child speaking. Thank you. That means a lot to me! That's a good game idea. The next game I'm going to do will be solitaire. I was also thinking of trying to eventually make something like the mazewar game from the Xerox Alto to pay my respects to Xerox, although I know that will be an undertaking, especially adding in networking... The shadow text style and fatbits editor in the Preferences app really took me back. Other than a lack of close buttons on windows, it's remarkable that you can strip away 40 years of UX "innovation" and the result is still productive and intuitive. (Edit: Menus staying open after one click was a welcome improvement that I think came much later.) Yes, sticky menus arrived much later. I put the extra effort to add them here because everyone's so used to them now. Both options work - you can single-click to keep a menu open, or you can hold down the mouse and drag to open a menu which closes when you release the mouse. There's at least one Mac extension I know of that lets you use sticky menus on earlier versions of Mac OS, like System 6. I figured I'd backport that feature a little further, so to speak... EDIT: Also, forgot to mention it in this reply, but you double click the titlebar icon to close the window. You can double-click on the icon in the top left corner of a window to close it. (Which, I guess, is just the shorthand for File > Set Aside.) Yes. Setting aside specifically places something on the desktop. Save-able documents have a "save and put away" option which "refiles" it back in its folder without putting it on the desktop. You made me realize I still need to add a separate "put away" option on all windows regardless, so there's always a menu command that can be used to refile something. The desktop isn't a normal directory - I discuss this in the readme a bit. I never spent a lot of time using Lisa, but I got several opportunities to kick the tires as a Mac repair tech in the early 90s. I even fixed a Lisa or two, and converted one to a "Mac XL". You've captured the UI really nicely, and it was fun to click around. Good job! Very cool. Something I recommend doing for the mouse cursor on mobile is to make it work like Microsoft’s Remote Desktop on iOS (possibly Android too, but I’m an iPhone user so don’t know for sure) where the cursor isn’t where you tap on the screen, but you kind of pan anywhere on the screen which proportionally moves the cursor which is somewhere not under your finger. It’s a bit hard to explain, you just need to try using RDP on Microsoft’s free Windows App on your mobile device. Thanks. And yes, I did that! Under preferences, go to the touchscreen options panel, then enable trackpad mode! That is surprisingly pleasant to use, actually! Yes, one thumb on each side works great in landscape mode. Eventually I'll have to add some UI feedback to this mode when toggling it on or off, which shouldn't be too hard to do with a little CSS since the trackpad and button are just div elements overlaid on top of the canvas. I don’t know if multi-tap functions are already spoken for, I’ve only played with this a little so far (great job btw!). I think being able to toggle Trackpad Mode with a three-finger tap would be a nice _touch_. Works perfectly in Desktop Google Chrome. And on a 13 year old computer, running in Javascript, is lightning fast. Just shows how lean software can be and how responsive a desktop environment should be. Not that it was that fast originally. Never used a Lisa, but did use an original Mac 512K and the GUI environment was "ambitious" for the CPU of the day. This is pretty cool and it's surprising how well it works on mobile. I think the shuffle puzzle game has a bug where it can generate unsolvable puzzles. I ran into a parity issue. I solved it with the blank in the upper left but got no response from the game so I don't believe that was the intended solution. Also checked with an online solver and it verified that there was no solution. I haven't gone as far as verifying puzzles are solvable - right now I only verify the state of the puzzle is valid. Maybe in the future. For now I guess it will be like solitaire, where if you can't solve it you'll have to reshuffle it. Incidentally, I'm planning on adding solitaire as the next game! Oh nice. I don't actually know how to play solitaire, but I know Microsoft used the method of randomly generating them, solving them and then saving solvable seeds. (I believe they had 2 that weren't solvable somehow though so maybe it was a human solving them and it was a typo or mistake) Also, I was just checking around to see if there were any good methods for telling if a puzzle is solvable without solving it. Seems geeks for geeks have some code for it. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dsa/check-instance-15-puzzle-s...
The only other solution I can think of is detecting both configurations (blank in bottom right or top left) and displaying something when either is reached. I remember making that puzzle in C++. Half of the random states created are solvable, and the other half are unsolvable. My solution was not checking if the puzzle is solvable (the mathematics of this seem complicated), but starting with a solved one and then do a fixed number of random movements. Great work, great memories on the Lisa. But sheesh! The first time I play the numbers puzzle on a computer in my life, and the first time in 30 years that I play it at all, and I find out some joker has snapped two of the pieces out and reversed them, making it unsolvable?! Diabolical! I spent so long fiddling with the puzzle game, trying to get a final 2 tiles swapped, just to find it was unsolvable sigh Cool stuff though! Just trying this out on iPhone on Firefox, and found something. If the phone is rotation locked in portrait mode (which mine normally is) I don't see buttons to install, try etc. But if rotation lock is off, it's fine. Maybe there's something in the way the resolution is read that is different if the lock is on? Nothing appears in the menu bar at the top so there was no way to do anything. Amazing efforts here though, now I can actually use it! Truly impressive. The menu bar is hidden in the installer because that's how the Lisa's installer looked. I definitely need to do some work on layouts to make things more responsive. If your phone's screen is too small the text may overflow and things can get cut-off. But I don't want to cram scroll-able panes into all these dialogs because the Lisa didn't even do that. I'm balancing historical accuracy with modern constraints with my own self-imposed technical debts, so there's bound to be compromises! I'm on mobile so only able to try a couple things, but impressed with how responsive it is! Thanks for sharing In many ways, the Lisa is more sophisticated than our current GUIs. In particular, I liked the way applications meshed into the system and disappeared into stationery - if you want to create a document, double click on its corresponding stationery stack and a new document is created. No need to find open Excel (or LisaCalc). IIRC, Windows 95 briefly had this in the form of a Templates folder. You added files to that folder and then you could create new copies of those files from the context menu. I don't remember it persisting into other versions of Windows. macOS still supports turning any file into a template, a feature first introduced in System 7 back in 1991. Just Get Info on any file in the Finder, then check the "Stationary pad" box. I can't believe I never knew about this! This could be useful to some of my workflows. I just looked it up and here's an official help page about it: https://support.apple.com/en-tm/guide/mac-help/mchlp1341/mac > if you want to create a document, double click on its corresponding stationery stack and a new document is created. No need to find open Excel (or LisaCalc This is a cool idea, but not really as practical, at least, not in the way it's presented here. To create a document, you first have to have an existing template of that type. What happens if you delete all of your templates? Even in our small demo environment here, it's such an obvious flaw that the author keeps templates on a RAMdisk. But even without that problem, you have to know where your templates are saved. I was surprised to find a drawing app. One way to potentially fix this is to just allow document creation from the global File menu. File > New > LisaType Paper. Of course, if Lisa had been successful, this would break down, too. Imagine a menu with LisaType Paper, LisaCalc Spreadsheet, Lotus Spreadsheet, Lotus Document, etc, etc. But it is a very elegant system, and I wish we could have seen a world where this desktop metaphor survived, so we could see how those problems would have been solved. I never realized it, but I'd never even used an emulated Lisa - until today! Thanks for bringing life back to this old platform and letting us relive the thinking that led off the GUI. Cheers. very cool, plus so much tasty design and functional tips that spark inspiration.
I really love that look of aliased type that still reaches for that calligraphic look that's _just_ beyond the GUI's capacity to display. Nostalgia shmacking me in the taste buds with this one ... Yes. The text styles were fun to do. They aren't implemented the same way QuickDraw does it, but it's close enough. Unfortunately it doesn’t work on my iPhone SE due to the small screen. I’ll have to upgrade my hardware if I want to use the latest OS I guess :) Took me a minute to figure out how to close a window. (Had to remember it's the same way as closing a window in Win 3.1) I even scrolled through the help document and didn't see it. I think this works even to this day on Win 10. I'm not sure about Win 11 though. It looks good in a maximized window on an external retina display on my MBP. One thing, though, is that it "stutters" every 15 seconds or so. Like, it pauses for a noticeable time, like hundreds of ms. The UI shows a consistent 119-120 FPS, even when this is happening. It's possible the fault is Firefox, and not your page. I do have 64 GB of RAM, but also a zillion tabs open. The mouse actually works quite well with trackpad mode disabled. I’m using an iPhone Mini. One trick: To select a menu option tap-and-hold a menu title then drag to an option and let go to select. Really cool! So I played the puzzle game on this Lisa and it appears unsolvable to me, which sort of surprised me. Has anyone else given it a shot? Here's a picture of how far I got: https://imgur.com/a/QhnnC4X Oh, it's totally solvable, but it's tricky! You kind of have to strategically "snake" the letters around a bit to sequentially place them in the right spots - you get less and less room to do so as you place more and more tiles. Unfortunately it is not solvable. See this blog post on how to programmatically check for solvability: https://datawookie.dev/blog/2019/04/sliding-puzzle-solvable/ This brings back good memories, My first computer was Apple ][/e or /c clone (bulgarian Правец 8Ц), and then had a 286, later 386 PC with Hercules (monographics) monitor! So I appreciate when things look really cool, reminds of me Think-Pascal. Be sure to check out LisaGUI's "Windows 93™" theme which (aside from being a reference to the colors of that other great Web OS) is a Blue/Pink CGA-inspired theme, and the "Through the Looking Glass" icon theme which is literally just icons from Windows 1.x/2.x. (Although I had to make the recycle bin icon myself using the Win95 recycle symbol) How did you research this? Do you own a Lisa? Yes I do, a Lisa 2/10! LisaEm was also invaluable. Also, just a general obsession with vintage computers and UIs helped quite a bit! There are Lisa emulators out there: https://emulation.gametechwiki.com/index.php/Apple_Lisa_emul.... And you can find ROMs on macintoshrepository.org. Kind of an edge case here, but I love making 1-bit palettes and then testing them on old Apple UIs. This is just perfect. I hope you can make the color editable :) Please add Frotz to this, so we can play text adventures. Amazingly, well done! It treats any of my clicks as an attempt to select text, and draws everything with blue selection overlay (Firefox on Windows). Otherwise, looks cool! Perhaps I'm doing something wrong, but the line widths in the characters are quite inconsistent. For example the two l's in "install" have different widths. This makes something pretty amazing look slightly disappointing. (Tested in Firefox and Chrome on desktop.) I'll take a closer look at this. Might be a kerning issue. EDIT: I'm honestly not sure what this issue might be... If you're up for sending me a screenshot, there's an email link at the bottom of https://yaros.ae/. Love both the project and the landing page design. Thank you for creating this!! Thanks! You might also appreciate the 404 page on the alpha subdomain! And whatever you do, do NOT try to open this with MS Internet Explorer! I can't imagine what might happen if you do that! The font looks weird and uneven horizontally (some characters are "fatter" like if they were randomly bold). Is it supposed to look like that? Firefox + Windows. The FPS display needs a way to be disabled. It rapidly “flickers” between several values on my iPhone due to what I’d assume is rounding or something. It’s a very annoying distraction from what otherwise looks pretty cool. This will be an option in the future. I just need to properly define how the menubar module system will work. I have a couple other toggle-able things which will be added to the menu bar in the future. Looks great! I love the choice to make it consistent across browsers through canvas rendering. Cool that it's a PWA. Just clicking around I accidentally highlighted the background element or something, which caused the whole page to turn blue. Then no matter what I clicked I couldn't get it to un-select. Making everything blue didn't ruin the experience or anything but it was a little annoying. Safari 18.5 (20621.2.5.11.8) and Google Chrome 138.0.7204.93. I had the same reaction, but it's intentional. Open the Preferences app, check Decorate Desktop, and then select something other than Pale Blue Dot from the color palette picker. Unless the canvas element itself is being selected - which would be a big oversight on my part, that's the default color palette, which is a blue tint to mimic the Lisa's CRT. Right now, it isn't applied until the settings start loading. If this is causing any confusion I might put a priority on saving this setting in a way where it can be applied immediately as the page is loaded. I think you and other commenters are correct - it's just the theming. I can't get it to not have the tint on startup and it goes away when changing the theme as rgovostes described. The reason I was confused was because it starts out as black-and-white and then turns blue, and the blue is basically the same color as selecting text! Oh well, I feel silly now. Yeah. This is part of why I wanted to get this on places like HN eventually. This is valuable user feedback! For the longest time I kept this project totally secret. What I'll probably do is serialize the setting data to localstorage so it's available before the system starts up and loads from IndexedDB. Same on iphone. Maybe a swipe or something and it selected the whole page blue Edit: doing nothing will do the autoselect. Odd I think that tint is intended to emulate the look of the Lisa CRT. Yes, that's correct. There's a variety of palettes to choose from in the preferences! What's up with the clock? Mine was two minutes off of local system time. Here it was "on time" except it apparently uses round(), so 30 seconds past the minute it would show the next minute. For some reason I never seem to encounter bugs like this myself! I guess I'll have to do another rewrite of that. Was it just the menu clock? Did the clock app exhibit the same behavior? Boy do I know that feeling :D I didn't look at the menu clock, only the clock app. Real cool project tho, kudos! Amazing turn on/off effect! Thanks! I put a lot of effort into making sure it was just right. The delay right after shutdown before the button panel shows up where you see absolutely nothing before noticing your own reflection in the blackness of your screen was also intentional! Is keyboard not supposed to work? E.g. tabbing through the widgets. The Lisa doesn't have an alt-tab function for Window management, so I haven't added one. Also, it would be difficult to use those keys in particular because it would conflict with your system's alt+tab keyboard shortcut. When you select text in a textbox, the keyboard should input text. Also, individual menu items have their own keyboard shortcuts. If you're on a PC, it defaults to using the Control key as the "Apple" key. If your on a Mac, it defaults to using the Command key. This option can be changed in the preferences app in the "Set Conveniences" pane. I don't mean Alt+Tab, just Tab by itself to move focus through the widgets in the current window. I don't know how it's supposed to work on Lisa, but pretty much every TUI or GUI I've seen from early 90s onwards had full keyboard navigation support like that. Nope. AFAIK, full keyboard navigation was first developed for Microsoft Windows, as a necessity, because they couldn't rely on people having a working mouse. Why does the screen turn light blue like it's highlighted text a few seconds after the page loads? Firefox on Mac OS. would love to see the source code for this, poked around but couldn't find anything :-) amazing how fast and snappy this UI is, even though it is running inside a browser. On the original Mac, the menu bar drop downs didn't stay open if you just clicked on the title. You had to keep the mouse button down, highlight the menu item then let go to activate. Not sure if that is how the Lisa worked. This is awesome. It's actually pretty quick. Major kudos. Thank you! Although just between you and me, it really depends on the speed of your computer and whatever JS engine you're using. If you open up the bounce demo and start increasing the number of objects on screen, you'll find the FPS dips quite a bit. Also, scrolling through a multi-page text document may also slow things down..... just don't tell anyone! ;) Cool but color hurt my eyes. In the preferences app, you can set the brightness after clicking "Set Conveniences," and you can change the color palette after clicking "Decorate Desktop." You may have to play around a little to find a setting that is most comfortable to you. > Author's note: I pronounce the letters in GUI separately. Why would you ever pronounce it "gooey?" Please don't do that. Just don't. Solidarity! We should pronounce all acronyms/initialisms. TUI = tooey CLI = clee TCP/IP = tickipip GPT = gipity DNS = dunce HTTP = Hittup USB = Oosbuh USB-C = Oosbuhc > GPT = gipity I'm calling foul on that one. It's "Jay pay tay". Which sounds the same as the French phrase "J'ai pété" or "I farted." That makes me laugh more than gipity. My favorite is my friend’s pronunciation of “LGBTQIA”, or “littebittiqua”. Also, I’m definitely gonna start using “dunce” and “Oosbuh”, but stick with “USB C” ...because fighting about silly things that are just fun to poke each other about is much more fun than fighting about things like politics in this day and age... vi versus emacs, vi versus vim, (guh sound)IF versus (j sound)IF, m68k versus x86, Mac versus Amiga, BSD versus Linux, et cetera. Yes, I know right! Imagine what kind of beautiful world we could live in if we spent trillions of dollars on this instead of the military industrial complex! Where I grew up, in the 80s, it was a toss between a mouse and trackball for people. Same sort of arguments. I kind of like both. Thankfully someone agrees with me! Initialisms are just that! Otherwise, how can you tell snmp from sntp from smtp! There! Are! Dozens! Of! Us! (actually there's a shit ton of us who learned computers via text and pronounce things correctly) > minor bugs with PWAs on iOS There are major bugs with PWA's, and I suspect most of them stem from the tens of billions of dollars per year of app store revenue that would be undermined if PWA's actually became useful... Well, yeah... of course. Thankfully, mobile support hasn't been the highest priority. Users aren’t demanding and have never demanded good PWA support. I suspect it has more to do with that. Random people have no business of knowing what a “PWA” is. So of course they don’t ask specifically for that. People asking for “I just want to have fully featured apps coming from wherever” are aplenty. Apple has pushed app snippets and in-AppStore one shot apps for a long time. These would be much better as PWAs. Not because PWAs are inherently better. I believe native programs are superior. However history has shown that vast majority of apps are just poorly wrapped websites. As an aside, iOS PWA support is really phoned in. For example they introduced environmental css variables for safe insets. And then provided no way to test them outside of real device or a simulator.
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