Method Combinators in CoffeeScript
github.comWhile the syntax here is CoffeeScript-specific, this is a perfectly fine pattern to apply in any JavaScript.
The key is to remember that, in JavaScript, you aren't really "defining instance methods" in the way you are in almost any other language. You're just passing anonymous functions as the value tied to some key in a dictionary, which happens to be the prototype of some set of objects. Once you get that into your mind and let it play around for a bit, you realize that you could be getting the anonymous function from anywhere!
From a function-factory, that takes some arguments and returns a function:
render: renderWithTemplate("some_template")
onScroll: _.debounce(100, function(){ /* do something */ })
viewInstance.onScroll = _.bind(somethingElse.render, somethingElse);
> Or even by delegating to another object:
> viewInstance.onScroll = somethingElse.render;
This one is a bit dangerous, because as you mention the "methods" are just anonymous functions assigned to objects. If `render` is expecting to be called on a `somethingElse`, this might not work right without being bound.
That's why I never use "this" in Javascript. For me, dropping any pretense of OOP allows me to write more elegant programs.
I think that's a pretty poor practice. It's actually counter to central idea of this article; that you should think with the language features. In situations like the one above, if you dont want to lose the context of "this" you can explicitly bind an object to be this and return the new bound function. See underscore's bind(). Its a little more verbose and clunky but it saves you from tossing out modular code.
I'm not so sure it's poor practice. Rich Hickey makes an excellent point about not confounding data and functions. And Javascript provides excellent structures for avoiding mutability altogether (if one wishes to) thanks to first-class functions. Javascript was always an amalgam of C-syntax, object-oriented "ideas", and functional "ideas". To "think with the language features" is to tie to together two disparate programming paradigms that in my opinion perform better independently than in combination. So I just happen to focus more on the functional aspects of Javascript (and CoffeeScript provides syntactic support to make this much easier).
Not poor practice in that Functional Programming is poor practice (it's great practice!). Poor practice in that JS is object oriented and JS engines optimize for OO style, see https://developers.google.com/v8/design for example. So avoid `this` if you don't care how fast your code runs.
> See underscore's bind()
Better, just use Function.prototype.bind, 0 bytes gzipped with Vanilla JS.
And of course, in CoffeeScript you would just use the fat arrow:
somethingElse = render: => # do some renderingCareful, that's not the same as (->).bind(somethingElse). => binds to the current value of this at execution-- in that function, @ will compile to `var _this = this`, not `somethingElse` as we'd expect.
I just tested and it looks like you can hack it by doing
but that is definitely a bug._this = somethingElse = render: => @renderMe # @ is somethingElseI've written some transpilers, and I nearly always use a "magic variable" like __this_12345 just to prevent problems like--umm--this. If every single one you use has a quasi-random number or string appended, a lot of headaches melt away.
Yeah, I apologize. I have changed it to read correctly.
A little nitpick, which may be a misconception deserving clarification:
> Our decorators work just like Python method decorators, only we don't need any magic syntax for them because CoffeeScript, like JavaScript, already has this idea that functions can return functions and there's nothing particularly magic about defining a method, it's just an expression that evaluates to a function.
Python also has this idea (called ‘higher-order functions’). The difference is in syntax—function calls require parens in Python, and anonymous functions aren't that well supported. Therefore the need for special syntax construct to make decorator use convenient.
You're speaking to the first part of my claim, but not the second, namely that JavaScript and CoffeeScript don't separate the idea of a function and a method, which is what allows you to use first-class functional combinators as decorators.
> JavaScript and CoffeeScript don't separate the idea of a function and a method
Neither does Python, at definition time. All the difference is in the processing performed by the class constructor (`type`) when the class object is created. Before that, it's a bog-standard function.
> which is what allows you to use first-class functional combinators as decorators.
Which is exactly like Python, the original decorators[0][1] predate the syntactic extension by several versions, the original syntax for applying them was:
And you could use the exact same syntax to define non-method functions (though not this decorator, of course, as it doesn't make sense for functions)def some_method(cls): pass some_method = classmethod(some_method)[0] http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html?highlight=clas...
[1] http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html?highlight=clas...
I only intended to comment on the first part. Decided against cutting the quote mid-sentence. (Which led to me learning something new from masklinn's comment. =))
Jeremy Ashkenas provides the "tl;dr:"
Python decorators are a hack around the lack of proper lambda ;) Just pass the function: decorate -> … Where "decorate" is a fn
That makes no sense at all. The lambda complaint is mostly a syntax complaint, it is not a complaint about not having anonymous functions. It even has the ability to invoke __call__ on instances, allowing you to create your own "functions" that are actually objects, if you like, which is somewhat unusual.
There's no point in having an anonymous function decorator. You'd simply inline it into the body itself right on the spot, anything else would simply be obfuscation for the sake of obfuscation. This only makes sense if you're using a decorator applied elsewhere, at which point all languages require you to have named it, so there's no point complaining about lack of anonymous functions here.
Python has first-class functions. It even has first-class methods, with automatic instance binding. It just doesn't quite work how very functionally-oriented people want it to work. Part of the reason I don't like the kvetching that such people do is that it does seem to convince people that Python is lacking function references. Nope. It just doesn't spell them to everybody's taste (for instance, "it doesn't have Ruby blocks" translates to "it doesn't have block syntax", not "it can't do function references", and this is a taste issue not a fundamental capability issue), and the can rarely have moderately inconvenient scope rules if you want to write to outer scopes.
Decorators are syntax sugar, not a new feature.
I don't know about those other complaints, I don't personally have any complaints about Python. It doesn't have multi-line lambdas, that's a design trade-off like an iPhone not having a slide-out keyboard. But it does have first-class functions.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics#Fi...
What I was speaking to is the desire to write:
My understanding is that Python doesn't like two different things about this. First, the multi-line anonymous lambda being used as the target of the decorator. Second, a function being called with another function as its argument as an expression within an instance method definition.class SomeExampleModel: def setHeavyweightProperty: triggers('cache:dirty')( lambda self, property, value: ...something...I'm open to reëducation.
> What I was speaking to is the desire to write:
is the same thing assetHeavyweightProperty = triggers('cache:dirty')( lambda self, property, value: 'code')
but with the limitations of lambdas (no statements allowed)@triggers('cache:dirty') def setHeavyweightProperty(self, property, value): # code> First, the multi-line anonymous lambda being used as the target of the decorator.
Python has no issue with that, it's just hard to do it because Python's lambdas can only contain expressions which can be rather limited in a statements-heavy language.
> Second, a function being called with another function as its argument as an expression within an instance method definition.
That's because your "instance method definition" is not syntactically correct, the capability itself exists. A "method definition" is nothing more than a function defined within a class scope. In fact you can do things like that:
>>> def method_outside(self): ... return self.wedding ... >>> class SomeType: ... whose = method_outside ... >>> s = SomeType() >>> s.wedding = "Amanda" >>> s.whose() 'Amanda' >>> method_outside(s) 'Amanda' >>> from collections import namedtuple >>> o = namedtuple('N', 'wedding')(wedding="Jim") >>> method_outside(o) 'Jim' >>>Can't edit, but "a function defined within a class scope" should actually be "a function assigned within a class scope", where and how the function object was defined does not actually matter (as the example shows), the only thing which matters is that the object is bound to a name in the class scope.
First off, I really like your posts and books. I learned advice / AOP at a previous job and really enjoy using it and applying it to new things. Your writing on the subject is great!
The only thing python does not like is multi-line lambdas. You can target a lambda with decorators, just like you can target any callable. I'm not sure if I correctly parsed what you mean by "a function being called with another function as its argument as an expression within an instance method definition", but I'm pretty sure python can do that. Here is some demonstration code (see RaganwaldWidgetViewThree):
https://gist.github.com/3495990
And finally here is the translation of the before/after/etc. method combinators:
https://gist.github.com/3495985
But I might have misunderstood waitLevel, can you explain what it is for?
Just FYI, he's not talking about the decorator being anonymous, he's talking about the function the decorator is wrapping being anonymous. What he means is that, since python lambda's are one-line, you can't do something like:
ifAuthorized("admin", lambda x: // more code here> What he means is that, since python lambda's are one-line
Technically, Python's lambdas are one-expression not one-line.
Within that constraint you can create as complex lambdas as you want (you'll probably need to create helpers for things like loops, and you may be hindered by Python's limits on recursion, but FWIW Scheme's or Haskell's functions have the exact same limitation, the primary difference being they're nowhere near as statement-heavy as Python).
Interesting, do like the "implicit currying". And the decorator motivations read better when they are expressed with the <| rather than when they are just "escaped line breaks".