Mounting partitions from a dd image
assafmo.github.ioThis is doing it the hard way. Make the image a loop device:
losetup /dev/loop0 /path/to/your/image.img
partprobe /dev/loop0
losetup -d /dev/loop0
If you have a full dd image of the disk, you can just do losetup -Pf /path/to/your/image.img and that will pick a loopback device and perform the partprobe on it automatically.
Thanks, not OP but that looks useful to me. For context, I've used the strategy in OP to debug a small linux system running on an SD card, if I have one version that has a bug and one that doesn't, and I don't know the difference, I can image them both, mount them and diff the whole system (i.e. with meld.) And it can be done with the same card over time. I'd like to figure out how to do this with VM disks as well but I've never had a pressing need.
> I'd like to figure out how to do this with VM disks as well but I've never had a pressing need.
Everything that you will (probably) need is here: http://libguestfs.org
If you happen to need something that isn't already included, the APIs make it pretty easy to build your own tools as well.
Conveniently, those tools are also already packaged up for your distro (unless you use some esoteric distribution, perhaps).
I commonly use loopdevs to create and partition bootable disk images for clonezilla. I like that I can create them sparse so that they take up less space.
I came here to say using the loop device just makes things much easier. No math to get your offsets and fat fingering the numbers this way.
Interesting I have used kpartx which uses device mapper instead of Partprobe.
Wonder why kpartx exists; will have to look into that. Maybe not everything can be partprobed.
I'm not sure. All I can think is that partprobe is provided by parted and I have noticed people tend to gravitate towards using fdisk or parted and ignoring the other. Notice the author of the article is an fdisk guy.
I might be mis-remebering but I think parted used to be considered lame before fdisk lagged to support GPT.
Personally I’d call myself an fdisk/gdisk person - I like the safety net those programs provide by staging disk changes prior to committing to the MBR/GPT, if I’m doing things by hand this is my preferred tool.
I don’t like how parted will automatically commit your changes as you go, though this is useful for scripting your changes and is my preferred method for disk geometry modifications when preparing maintenances etc
Right tool for the job and all that.
From what I remember partprobe has had a history of occasional unreliable behaviour under RHEL - but I understand it works properly under RHEL 7.3+
kpartx is an older tool that was used with 2.6.xx-era Linux systems. partprobe/losetup are the newer mechanisms for doing this.
A lot of StackOverflow questions have answers that use kpartx, and those answers are out of date.
There's just one thing I don't get with this approach. How do you make use of the space savings? You've explicitly created an outside disk image which is larger than the ddrescue image, and the ddrescue image is inside that larger file. So while the inside image is taking less space inside the mounted loopback volume, the outside disk image will always take the original amount of space. Do you trim the outside volume after you're done or do you somehow extract the lzo-encoded disk image after?
It's called sparse files, it's files with holes in them where no data is written to disk. You can have terabytes of files on small disks as long as they contain a high % of bocks of only zeros.
Can't believe I've gone so long without knowing about sparse files.
Millions of zeroes in a row tend to compress pretty well.
There’a actually an even easier way for many use cases. Just use libguestfs. One big benefit it has over the losetup process is that it works in unprivileged containers because nothing needs to be mounted.
You can make that even easier:
# losetup -Pf /path/to/disk.img # mount /dev/loop0pX /mntAdditionally, this method is not susceptible to race conditions when other loop devices are being configured.
OpenBSD uses vnconfig (also FreeBSD; on NetBSD it's vndconfig). An example:
# vnconfig vnd0 install63.fs
# disklabel vnd0
# /dev/rvnd0c:
type: vnd
disk: vnd device
label: fictitious
duid: 138b4f2a2e184426
flags:
bytes/sector: 512
sectors/track: 100
tracks/cylinder: 1
sectors/cylinder: 100
cylinders: 7382
total sectors: 738240
boundstart: 1024
boundend: 737280
drivedata: 0
16 partitions:
# size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg]
a: 736256 1024 4.2BSD 2048 16384 16142
c: 738240 0 unused
i: 960 64 MSDOS
# mount /dev/vnd0a /mnt
FreeBSD does not use vnconfig, FreeBSD uses mdconfig:
Or for ISOs, in one line:# mdconfig -f smartos-latest-USB.img md0 # gpart list md0 ... scheme: MBR Providers: 1. Name: md0s1 ... # mount -o ro -t msdosfs /dev/md0s1 /mnt // (or, use labels) # mount -o ro -t msdosfs /dev/msdosfs/SMARTOSBOOT /mnt# mount -t cd9660 /dev/$(mdconfig -f image.iso) /mntI was just about to correct your correction, because I can quite clearly recall using vnconfig on FreeBSD.
Apparently that's been a little while, however. According to vnconfig(8):
> The mdconfig utility first appeared in FreeBSD 5.0 as a cleaner replacement for the vn(4) and vnconfig(8) combo.
5.0 was released just over 15 years ago.
One time I tried to create a tool to do in-place conversion between Linux software RAID volumes (e.g. RAID-0 to RAID-1 (assuming data fits), or RAID-1 to RAID-5, etc.) I used disk image files and the loopback device to test it to avoid having to reformat physical partitions.
Despite reading all of the documentation I could find, and even going so far as to read kernel source code, I could never get the system to recognize my striped block data. That is, I tried to generate three files composing a RAID-5 "by hand", but mdadm would refuse to mount them. I never figured out if there was some additional id-block I was missing, or if my striping algorithm was not correct.
Under Linux, this can also be achieved with kpartx(8).
Or without needing root using guestfish (http://libguestfs.org/guestfish.1.html)
$ guestfish -a img.dd -m /dev/sda1
><fs> ll /
I think ZFS has the easiest way to do this sort of thing:
# fallocate -l 256M disk.bin
# zpool create filepool /root/disk.bin
# zfs set mountpoint=/root/filepool filepool
# df -h /root/filepool
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
filepool 208M 0 208M 0% /root/filepoolSure, ZFS has lots of awesome features, but the point of loopback device lets you to attach and mount basically any disk image that has kernel or fuse drivers.
You can directly expose the partitions using the tool `kpartx`, which will create a `loop` device for you:
> sudo kpartx -a test.raw
> lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
loop0 7:0 0 4G 0 loop
└─loop0p1 253:0 0 4G 0 part
> sudo kpartx -d test.raw> mount -t -o ro,offset=$((51263)) x.dd partition_1
> mount -t -o ro,offset=$((51296390)) x.dd partition_2
Isn't the mount type "-t" value missing?
Thanks! I missed this. Fixed. :-)
libguestfs > losetup > fdisk
I.E. libguestfs is safer when dealing with images of unknown origin, and losetup has inbuilt support now for partition scanning.
Here's an old fdisk/parted wrapper I used to use:
Is it also possible to repartition the image with conventional tools?
How about setting a boot flag and writing it back to e.g. an USB stick?
Yes, you can use losetup.
^ The above creates a 100MB disk image, binds it to a loopback device, runs fdisk, and then detaches it. I'm not sure how formatting the partition would work but presumably those tools have an offset option too?~# dd if=/dev/zero of=image.img bs=1M count=100 ~# LODEVICE=$(losetup --find --show image.img) ~# fdisk $LODEVICE ~# losetup -d $LODEVICEedit: this page explains using offsets for mke2fs and doesn't require losetup: https://superuser.com/questions/737072/userspace-manipulatio...
also, losetup can now scan the device for partition tables and make partition-specific loopbacks! https://stackoverflow.com/a/15200862
Extlinux on an ext4 partition doesn't need an offset. Or at least didn't when I wrote this: http://www.blackkettle.org/posts/archive/2013-08-19-bootable...
I have built block-level bootable system images for the TS-7800 using this mechanism.
https://www.embeddedarm.com/products/TS-7800
That was before I found multistrap.
You can run parted directly on the image file to make modifications.
fallocate -l 1G disk.img parted ./disk.img